Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)
Figure 3.1 PSA test The prostate-specific antigen was discovered in 1979, but its clinical utility was not identified until a decade later. Until this was known, urologists used only the…
Prostate Biopsy
Figure 4.1 Number of samples in prostate biopsy What Should Be Known About the Biopsy Procedure? The trans-rectal ultrasound and prostate biopsy is a procedure that can be somewhat uncomfortable…
Introduction
Figure 1.1 Prostate It is a male organ that is located in front of the rectum and below the bladder. It is formed of cells specialized in the production of…
Prostatitis—Pelvic Pain
Figure 5.1 Prostatitis Type I Prostatitis In general, this is an infection of the prostate appearing suddenly, that is, in an acute manner, caused by bacteria present in the urine….
How to Get a Second Opinion
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015René Sotelo, Juan Arriaga, Raed A. Azhar and Inderbir S. Gill (eds.)Prostate Cancer10.1007/978-3-319-05600-5_8 8. How to Get a Second Opinion René Sotelo1 and Rafael Andrés Clavijo Rodríguez2 (1) Department of Urology, Instituto Medico La Floresta, Anexo…
Molecular Pathology of HER Family of Oncogenes in Breast Cancer: HER-2 Evaluation and Role in Targeted Therapy
Fig. 9.1 Signaling by ErbB homodimers in comparison with ErbB2-containing heterodimers. Receptors are shown as two lobes connected by a transmembrane stretch. Binding of a ligand (EGF-like or NRG) to the…
Molecular Features of Mesenchymal Tumors of the Breast
Lesion Immunohistochemistry Molecular characteristics Nodular fasciitis Pos: SMA, MSA, vimentin, calponin and desmin (rare) Deletion of chromosome 2 and 13, der(15), t(2; 15)(q31; q26), tetraploidy and del (6), gains of…
Role of MicroRNAs in Breast Cancer
Fig. 13.1 MicroRNA processing and the RISC complex. The gene encoding the microRNA is transcribed to produce a pri-miRNA which is cleaved by DROSHA to produce a pre-miRNA. The pre-miRNA is…
Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Subtypes with Clinical Implications
TNBC Subtype Immunohistochemistry Molecular characteristics Adenoid cystic carcinoma ER−/PR−/HER2− in >90 % C-KIT+, P63+, EGFR+HCM−, calponin—Ki67 low, TP53—low Topo IIα expression t(6, 9)(q22–23;p23–24) MYB-NFIB fusion gene No EGFR gene amplification No…
Molecular Basis of Breast Cancer Imaging
Fig. 1.1 Picture of a molecular breast imaging system. Courtesy of Jason Koshnitsky, Gamma Medica, Inc., Salem, NH Indications The indications for performance of a BSGI study include high-risk surveillance, alternative…
