Chronic Kidney Disease Mineral and Bone Disorder
FIGURE 69-1. A, Median levels of calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) per stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Median serum levels of calcium and phosphorus stay constant until late…
Ketoacidosis and Hyperosmolar Coma
FIGURE 46-1. Feedback control of ketosis during an extended fast. Ketogenesis is activated by a rise in the molar ratio of glucagon to insulin, which induces lipolysis in adipose tissue…
Disorders of Calcification: Osteomalacia and Rickets
FIGURE 70-1. Undecalcified sections of a bone biopsy from a patient with an adult-onset renal phosphate leak. A, Unstained. B, Microradiograph. C, Ultraviolet photomicrograph demonstrating fluorescence (F) of tetracycline administered…
Hypoglycemia and Hypoglycemic Syndromes
FIGURE 47-1. Hypoglycemia—Major barrier to intensive diabetes management. (Data from Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. N Engl J Med 1993;329:977–986.) Death from hypoglycemia can be considered on the…
Iodine Deficiency Disorders
Iodine deficiency remains a public health problem in 47 countries (Fig. 88-1). However, progress has been made since 2003; 12 countries have progressed to optimum iodine status, and the percentage…
Thyroid Hormone Metabolism
FIGURE 75-1. Graphic representation of the pathways of iodothyronine metabolism. The types 1 and 2 deiodinases (D1, D2) catalyze removal of the 5′ (or chemically equivalent 3′) iodine from T4…
Genetic Disorders of Phosphate Homeostasis
FIGURE 61-1. Nomogram for calculating TmP/GFR. Calculations are done from fasting samples obtained in the morning. The urine is collected for 1 to 2 hours (the time period is not…
Appetite Regulation and Thermogenesis
FIGURE 27-1. Components of eating behavior. Homeostatic hunger is hunger that results in eating in response to metabolic deficits and the ensuing signals. Hedonic and mood-related eating lead to consumption…
Endocrinology of the Prostate
FIGURE 143-1. Diagram showing the zonal anatomy of the human prostate gland. Benign disease most commonly occurs in the transition zone (TZ), whereas malignant nodules are most prevalent in the…
Nonthyroidal Illness Syndrome: A Form of Hypothyroidism
FIGURE 86-1. Free T3 concentrations in different groups of patients, as reported by Chopra et al.31 In this report, patients with NTIS have significantly lowered free T3 levels than normal subjects….
