Fig. 10.1 Metabolic constraint on gestation length and fetal size. (Y axis). Fetal energy demands (green line, kcal/day) increase exponentially during gestation (X axis). Maternal energy expenditure (red line) rises…
Proinflammatory Anti-inflammatory Omega-6 fatty acids Omega-3 fatty acids Saturated fatty acids Polyphenols Excess carbohydrates The body requires a balance of these proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory nutrients in the diet to maintain…
Direct toxic substances Bacterial and fungal toxins Meal leftovers or “fast food” Coffee Excess Glutamate Chinese food Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon Grilled meat and vegetables Heavy metals Big fish, lead-covered pipes,…
Fig. 13.1 Mechanisms for the intergenerational transmission of programming effects. (a) Persistence of an adverse external environment can result in the reproduction of the phenotype in multiple generations. (b) The…
Fig. 6.1 Regulation of placental inflammatory response by dietary fatty acids. Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids activate TLR4 leading to downstream inflammatory pathways JNK and NF-κB. JNK activates AP-1 transcription…
Fig. 3.1 Under eubiotic environment the intestinal endothelial cells secrete mucins and cytokines, which conditions dendritic cells to promote an antiinflammatory cellular and mediators to dampen effector responses Fig. 3.2…
Fig. 11.1 Hypertension in response to placental ischemia: proceeds via immune activation, CD4+ T-cells mediating the release of angiotensin II type-1 receptor autoantibody (AT1-AA), and inflammatory cytokines that contribute to…
Fig. 9.1 Recommended intakes for pregnant women expressed as percentages of the reference intake values for nonpregnant women. The recommended intakes of iron and folate show great increases of 100…
Prepregnancy BMI (WHO classification) Recommended gestational weight gain (kg) Underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) 12.5–18 Normal weight (BMI 18.5–25 kg/m2) 11.5–16 Overweight (BMI 25–30 kg/m2) 7–11.5 Obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) 5–9 Fig. 12.1…
Fig. 7.1 The etiological, hormonal, and obstetric clinical outcomes of PCOS (Modified from Teede et al. [38]) 7.3 PCOS: Infertility and Early Pregnancy Loss The reproductive dysfunction in women with…
