Clinical Evaluation and Management of Thyroid Nodules
Clinical Evaluation and Management of Thyroid Nodules Susan J. Mandel Jill E. Langer Michael M. Kaplan Thyroid nodules are relatively common in adults. On physical examination of the neck, a…
Multinodular Goiter: Pathogenesis and Management
Multinodular Goiter: Pathogenesis and Management Hans Graf Introduction Multinodular goiter (MNG) and diffuse goiter are defined as the enlargement of the thyroid gland, in the absence of autoimmune thyroid disease,…
Subclinical Hypothyroidism
Subclinical Hypothyroidism Douglas S. Ross The term “subclinical hypothyroidism” was first introduced in the early 1970s coincident with the introduction of serum thyrotropin (TSH) measurements. This term eventually replaced other…
Treatment of Hypothyroidism
Treatment of Hypothyroidism Jacqueline Jonklaas Historical Perspective on the Treatment of Hypothyroidism The medicinal use of animal organs, glands, and viscera originated in ancient times. Seventhcentury Chinese reportedly used both…
Diagnosis of Hypothyroidism
Diagnosis of Hypothyroidism Paul W. Ladenson Since the syndrome of myxedema was described more than a century ago, the criteria for diagnosis of hypothyroidism have evolved from clinical observation to…
Myxedema Coma
Myxedema Coma Leonard Wartofsky Myxedema coma is severe, life-threatening hypothyroidism. It was probably first reported in 1879 by Ord from the St. Thomas Hospital, London. Two of the 12 patients…
Psychiatric and Cognitive Effects of Hypothyroidism
Psychiatric and Cognitive Effects of Hypothyroidism Kathryn G. Schuff Mary H. Samuels Peter C. Whybrow Michael Bauer Brief Historical Background and Context The occurrence of psychological and cognitive changes in…
The Skeletal System in Hypothyroidism
The Skeletal System in Hypothyroidism Graham R. Williams Figure 42.1 Mechanism of thyroid hormone action. Entry of T4 and T3 into target cells is mediated by monocarboxylate transporters MCT8 and…
The Male and Female Reproductive System in Hypothyroidism
The Male and Female Reproductive System in Hypothyroidism Gerasimos E. Krassas Nikolaos E. Pontikides Hypothyroidism affects the reproductive system in women more than in men. Clinicians have long recognized that…
The Cardiovascular System in Hypothyroidism
The Cardiovascular System in Hypothyroidism Irwin L. Klein Sara Danzi The changes in cardiovascular function that occur in patients with hypothyroidism are diametrically opposite to those of thyrotoxicosis (see Chapter…
