MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PARATHYROID HORMONE Part of “CHAPTER 51 – PARATHYROID HORMONE“ CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NORMAL PARATHYROID HORMONE GENE The structural characterization of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and genes encoding preproPTH…
BIOSYNTHESIS OF PARATHYROID HORMONE Part of “CHAPTER 51 – PARATHYROID HORMONE“ Parathyroid hormone follows a pattern of biosynthesis and of vectorial transport through organelles of the cell that now is…
PARATHYROID HORMONE David Goltzman Geoffrey N. Hendy Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is essential for the physiologic maintenance of calcium homeostasis, and a marked excess or deficiency can cause severe and potentially…
SYSTEMIC HORMONES THAT AFFECT BONE METABOLISM Part of “CHAPTER 50 – PHYSIOLOGY OF BONE“ Many hormones that regulate somatic growth act directly or indirectly on the skeleton. These hormones not…
EFFECTS OF HORMONES ON BONE CELLS Part of “CHAPTER 50 – PHYSIOLOGY OF BONE“ Despite many studies of the direct effects of hormones on bone, the complex regulation of bone…
CELL BIOLOGY OF BONE Part of “CHAPTER 50 – PHYSIOLOGY OF BONE“ The lineages of bone-forming cells (osteoblasts) and bone-resorbing cells (osteoclasts) probably become separate early in development. Their function…
BONE CHEMISTRY AND MINERALIZATION Part of “CHAPTER 50 – PHYSIOLOGY OF BONE“ Bone mineral consists largely of hydroxyapatite [Ca10 (PO4) 6 (OH)2] together with transition forms and other minerals absorbed…
NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SKELETON Part of “CHAPTER 50 – PHYSIOLOGY OF BONE“ In humans, the skeleton continues to grow until 25 to 35 years of age. Before puberty, the…
MODELING AND REMODELING Part of “CHAPTER 50 – PHYSIOLOGY OF BONE“ The term modeling refers to the process by which bone grows and alters its shape through resorption and formation…
EMBRYOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF BONE Part of “CHAPTER 50 – PHYSIOLOGY OF BONE“ The formation of the skeleton begins with condensation and differentiation of mesenchymal cells into cartilage. These provide…
