PROMISING TECHNIQUES FOR INITIAL PARATHYROID EXPLORATION Part of “CHAPTER 62 – SURGERY OF THE PARATHYROID GLANDS“ Three technological advancements have made selective exploration strategies viable in the initial exploration of…
STANDARD INITIAL OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT Part of “CHAPTER 62 – SURGERY OF THE PARATHYROID GLANDS“ Under general anesthesia, the patient is positioned supine with arms at the sides and the neck…
SURGERY OF THE PARATHYROID GLANDS Gerard M. Doherty Samuel A. Wells JR. Hyperparathyroidism occurs in ˜1 in 1000 persons in the United States. Successful parathyroid surgery requires an understanding of…
PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS, AND MANAGEMENT Part of “CHAPTER 61 – RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY“ An understanding of the pathogenesis of renal osteodystrophy leads to a number of maneuvers that are effective in its…
ABNORMALITIES OF LABORATORY TESTS Part of “CHAPTER 61 – RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY“ One of the earliest changes in patients with chronic renal failure is increased plasma levels of PTH. As the…
CLINICAL FEATURES Part of “CHAPTER 61 – RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY“ Symptoms of renal osteodystrophy usually appear only in patients with advanced renal failure, although the abnormalities in mineral metabolism occur early…
PATHOGENESIS Part of “CHAPTER 61 – RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY“ OSTEITIS FIBROSA Osteitis fibrosa results from high circulating levels of biologically active parathyroid hormone (PTH). Elevated levels of immunoreactive PTH (iPTH) and…
RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY Kevin J. Martin Esther A. Gonzalez Eduardo Slatopolsky The association of skeletal disease with renal failure has been recognized for many years. The term renal osteodystrophy is used…
THERAPY FOR HYPOCALCEMIA Part of “CHAPTER 60 – HYPOPARATHYROIDISM AND OTHER CAUSES OF HYPOCALCEMIA“ Before treating hypocalcemia, one should recall that hypoalbuminemia is the most common cause of low total…
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF HYPOCALCEMIA Part of “CHAPTER 60 – HYPOPARATHYROIDISM AND OTHER CAUSES OF HYPOCALCEMIA“ The history and physical examination are quite important in the evaluation of hypocalcemia. The goal…
