Fig. 3.1 Diagnostic workup for patients with Cushing’s syndrome. Modified from Melcescu, Koch. Testing for endocrine hypertension, Chapter 7, In: Leslie De Groot, editor, online http:// www.endotext.org; 2012 Ectopic ACTH…
Fig. 7.1 A 23-year-old female who presented with severe left flank pain with normal blood pressure. Biochemical testing revealed elevated plasma and urine normetanephrine levels. Anatomic imaging showed the following…
Fig. 4.1 (a) Schematic representation of the structure of the human glucocorticoid receptor (hGR) gene. Alternative splicing of the primary transcript gives rise to the two mRNA and protein isoforms,…
Unilateral forms of PA (surgically treatable) Aldosterone-producing adenoma 30–40% Unilateral adrenal hyperplasia <5% Aldosterone-producing carcinoma Rare Bilateral forms of PA (medically treated) Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia 60–70% Familial hyperaldosteronism type I…
References No. cases Prevalence (%) Measurement Criteria for hypertension (mmHg) Nabarro [123] 256 30.5 Clinical Not known Rodrigues et al. [24] 34 26 Clinical 160/95 Kraatz et al. [23] 158…
Fig. 11.1 The frailty cycle. Modified from ref. [21] Such chronic diseases are mainly atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, and obesity. Thus, in view of the multifactorial origin of aging symptoms, effects…
Fig. 13.1 Putative mechanisms for development of obesity-hypertension (OH) Table 13.1 Mechanical and humoral factors implicated in OH Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance Chronic noninfective inflammation Chronic adipocytokinemia (elevated local adipose…
Common conditions with low renin concentrations Mineralocorticoid excess Primary aldosteronism (see Chap. 1) Cushing’s Syndrome (see Chap. 3) Glucocorticoid/cortisol resistance (see Chap. 4) Apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome Licorice or carbenoxolone…
Fig. 6.1 Computerized tomography of a benign adrenocortical adenoma of the left adrenal (arrow). Reprinted with permission from Androulakis et al. [19] Arterial hypertension (AH) is a prevailing, but not…
Gastrointestinal factors: Insufficient oral intake Malabsorption resulting from chronic pancreatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, cystic fibrosis, Whipple’s disease, radiation enteritis, bariatric surgery Metabolic factors: Chronic renal insufficiency (from decreased…
