Use of Potassium Iodide in a Nuclear Emergency
Preamble In contrast to other chapters in this volume, the emergency reviewed here arises from an external event. It is also different in the paucity of risk factors associated with…
Endocrinopathies Associated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
Immune checkpoint inhibition has transformed cancer treatment and has improved long-term survival in patients with advanced malignancies. Antibodies that block cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death 1 (PD1)…
Endocrine Responses in Critically Ill and Trauma Patients
Introduction The human body maintains homeostasis via multiple regulatory systems that exert tight control over every organ system, with continuous regulation via negative feedback mechanisms. These systems often have overlapping…
Graves’ Hyperthyroidism in Pregnancy
Background Graves’ hyperthyroidism (GH) in pregnancy affects less than 0.5% of pregnant women. Prior to the advent of antithyroid drugs (ATDs) in the 1940s, GH perinatal mortality was as high…
Endocrine Emergencies in Obstetrics
Thyroid Storm Thyroid storm is a rare but life-threatening endocrine emergency occurring in 1% to 2% of pregnant women with hyperthyroidism. It typically has an acute onset and is associated…
Hypopituitarism
Introduction Hypothalamic stimulatory and inhibitory hormones traverse the hypophyseal-portal circulation to target specific cells of the pituitary gland. The pituitary cells synthesize and secrete trophic hormones, which target organs to…
Pituitary Apoplexy
Introduction Pituitary apoplexy is the potentially life-threatening hemorrhage or infarction of the pituitary gland leading to significant neurologic, neuro-ophthalmologic, and endocrine deficiencies. The classic triad of symptoms includes severe headache,…
Diabetes Insipidus and Acute Hypernatremia
Funding . The work was supported by the Intramural Research Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health. Disclosure Statement: Dr….
Postsurgical and Posttraumatic Hyponatremia
Introduction Hyponatremia, defined as a serum sodium concentration ([Na + ]) less than 135 mEq/L, represents a relative excess of body water relative to body sodium content. The reported prevalence…
Carcinoid Syndrome and Carcinoid Crisis
Introduction Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a rare malignancy arising throughout the aerodigestive tract. These tumors have recently been recognized to be increasing in incidence, reaching 6.98 per 100,000 per year….
