BACKGROUND Prepregnancy care for women with diabetes was introduced over 30 years ago and is associated with improved pregnancy outcomes. However, overall pregnancy out-comes remain very poor for women with…

BACKGROUND Historically, pregnancy in women with diabetes is associated with high perinatal morbidity and mortality. The fetal and neonatal complications include increased risk of congenital malformations, miscarriage, preterm delivery, stillbirth,…

BACKGROUND The questions posed in the case history have been addressed in several studies. Not all studies have reached the same conclusions about the same issue. Some have questioned the…

NORMAL DEVELOPMENT The placenta is a complex organ that is essential for fetal growth and development. It fulfils a wide spectrum of functions, among which the transport of maternal fuels…

BACKGROUND Before the advent of insulin in 1922, pregnancy in a woman who had diabetes was uncommon and perinatal mortality rates ranged from 40% to 60%. While the discovery of…