Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Glen Sizemore Norma Lopez Two sets of multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes and multiple tumor associations are characterized by the work of Steiner et al. [1]. Table…

Obesity and Nutrition Jeffrey I. Mechanick Elise M. Brett DEFINITION Obesity is a chronic disease diagnosed when an adult person has a body mass index (BMI) of 30 to 34.9…

Lipid Disorders Francis Q. Almeda Susan DeLange Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the major cause of mortality in industrialized nations, and despite impressive advances in cardiovascular care, the adverse event…

Diabetes Mellitus Haitham S. Abu-Lebdeh Gregg D. Simonson TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS Definition Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder of glucose homeostasis that manifests secondary to…

Reproductive Disorders Neil Goodman Rhoda H. Cobin AMENORRHEA Definition Amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation in a woman during her reproductive years. Primary amenorrhea is defined as never having menstruated…

Metabolic Bone Disorders Alaleh Mazhari Zeina Habib Pauline Camacho EVALUATION OF METABOLIC BONE DISORDERS As with any disease, the workup of metabolic bone disorders starts with a comprehensive history and…

Adrenal Disorders Dana Erickson Steven A. De Jong EVALUATION OF ADRENAL FUNCTION Evaluation of Glucocorticoid Function Cortisol Normal production of cortisol by adrenal glands has diurnal variation. This fact, along…

Thyroid Disorders M. Regina Castro Hossein Gharib EVALUATION OF THYROID FUNCTION Thyrotropin Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), or thyrotropin, is the single most useful measurement in the evaluation of thyroid function. Produced…

Hypothalamic—Pituitary Disease Gerald Charnogursky Nicholas Emanuele Mary Ann Emanuele Hong Lee Shanika Samarasinghe INTRODUCTION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC—PITUITARY AXIS The hypothalamic—pituitary unit is a complex neuroendocrine system that is responsible for…