1 Introduction Among the most remarkable advances in ophthalmology over the last decades has been the discovery of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors for the treatment of different retinal…
1 Epidemiology An estimated 64.3 million people are living with heart failure worldwide. In developed countries, the prevalence of known heart failure is generally estimated at 1%–2% of the general…
1 Chronic kidney disease is a common complication in diabetes It is estimated that approximately 40% of individuals with diabetes will develop chronic kidney disease (CKD) during the course of…
This chapter summarizes mechanisms and phenotypes behind the multifaceted negative effects of impaired glucose control on microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes. 1 Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a worldwide…
1 Introduction Epidemiological evidence supports an association between diabetes and cancer and raises a number of questions related to this issue such as (i) Is this a positive or negative…
1 Introduction Evidence is accumulating that type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with cognitive impairment and dementia, and numerous epidemiological studies have demonstrated that T2D patients have a significantly higher…
1 Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a challenging epidemic disease affecting 12% of the middle-aged population [ ]. Its global incidence is increasing rapidly and dramatically, driven by…
1 Definitions Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is defined by the presence of hepatic steatosis by imaging or histology, in the absence of secondary causes of hepatic fat accumulation […
1 Introduction It has long been well-established that the major complications of diabetes are microvascular complications such as nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy, as well as the macrovascular complications including cardiovascular…
The prevalence and incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM), especially type 2 DM (T2D), is increasing worldwide. DM contributes to a high burden of disease-associated complications and comorbidities, with vascular complications…
