Chronic (Hashimoto’s) Thyroiditis
This chapter focuses on Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, and lymphadenoid goiter. In the early stage, patients are euthyroid and have no or a…
ENDOCRINOLOGY
Regulation of Growth Hormone and Action (Secretagogues)
FIGURE 23-1. Schematic representation of the human GH1 gene showing the alternative splicing of exon 3. This gene contains five exons and four introns; exons are numbered E1 through E5…
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
FIGURE 10-1. Schematic representation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, showing sites of glucocorticoid negative feedback. ACTH, Adrenocorticotropic hormone; CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone. History The many important contributions made to the understanding of…
Chronic Kidney Disease Mineral and Bone Disorder
FIGURE 69-1. A, Median levels of calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) per stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Median serum levels of calcium and phosphorus stay constant until late…
Ketoacidosis and Hyperosmolar Coma
FIGURE 46-1. Feedback control of ketosis during an extended fast. Ketogenesis is activated by a rise in the molar ratio of glucagon to insulin, which induces lipolysis in adipose tissue…
Disorders of Calcification: Osteomalacia and Rickets
FIGURE 70-1. Undecalcified sections of a bone biopsy from a patient with an adult-onset renal phosphate leak. A, Unstained. B, Microradiograph. C, Ultraviolet photomicrograph demonstrating fluorescence (F) of tetracycline administered…
Hypoglycemia and Hypoglycemic Syndromes
FIGURE 47-1. Hypoglycemia—Major barrier to intensive diabetes management. (Data from Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. N Engl J Med 1993;329:977–986.) Death from hypoglycemia can be considered on the…
Iodine Deficiency Disorders
Iodine deficiency remains a public health problem in 47 countries (Fig. 88-1). However, progress has been made since 2003; 12 countries have progressed to optimum iodine status, and the percentage…
Thyroid Hormone Metabolism
FIGURE 75-1. Graphic representation of the pathways of iodothyronine metabolism. The types 1 and 2 deiodinases (D1, D2) catalyze removal of the 5′ (or chemically equivalent 3′) iodine from T4…
Genetic Disorders of Phosphate Homeostasis
FIGURE 61-1. Nomogram for calculating TmP/GFR. Calculations are done from fasting samples obtained in the morning. The urine is collected for 1 to 2 hours (the time period is not…
