Graves’ Disease
FIGURE 80-1. Portrait of Dr. Robert J. Graves. (From Taylor S: Robert Graves. The Golden Years of Irish Medicine. New York: Royal Society of Medicine Services, 1989.) Epidemiology Graves’ disease…
ENDOCRINOLOGY
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Natural History
FIGURE 41-1. Summary of the metabolic abnormalities in type 2 diabetes mellitus that contribute to hyperglycemia. Increased hepatic glucose production, impaired insulin secretion, and insulin resistance caused by receptor and…
Diabetic Eye Disease
FIGURE 52-1. Hypothesized pathogenetic mechanisms for the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy. EGR, Electroretinogram; OP, oscillatory potential. Natural History of Diabetic Retinopathy NONPROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY The earliest diabetes-induced changes…
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone: Physiology and Secretion
FIGURE 73-1. Structural organization of the human TSH subunit genes and mRNAs. The two panels show the TSHβ (top) and α subunit (bottom) genes. Shown are the relative locations and…
Gastrointestinal Hormones and Tumor Syndromes
FIGURE 152-1. Communication in the gastrointestinal endocrine system. Gastrointestinal endocrine cells respond to nutrients (open-type cells) and/or stretch (closed-type cells). They may release peptides into the circulation to affect distant…
Genetic Defects in Vitamin D Metabolism and Action
FIGURE 66-1. Schematic representation of the main steps of the vitamin D biosynthetic pathway, where genetic aberrations may lead to rickets and osteomalacia. The renal defect in pseudo–vitamin D–deficiency rickets…
Amenorrhea, Anovulation, and Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding
FIGURE 129-1. Menstrual cycle length in relation to age. The median and 5th and 95th percentiles are indicated. Note the marked variation in length of the menstrual cycle at the…
Glucocorticoid Receptors: Their Mechanisms of Action and Glucocorticoid Resistance
FIGURE 98-1. Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) domain structure and signaling pathway. A, GR is composed of an amino-terminal transactivation domain (NTD), DNA-binding domain (DBD), hinge region (H), and ligand-binding domain (LBD)….
Growth Hormone Deficiency in Children
FIGURE 26-1. Height velocity chart for boys aged 0 to 19 years. Centiles 3 to 97 illustrated with 50th centile in bold. Shaded zone, Variation in timing of pubertal growth…
Hypothyroidism and Myxedema Coma
FIGURE 85-1. Individual and median values of thyroid function tests in various grades of primary hypothyroidism. Interrupted horizontal lines indicate upper (thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]) and lower (free thyroxine [FT4] and…
