Syndrome Gene (chromosome)a,b Clinical manifestations % With PHEO % Bilateral von Hippel-Lindauc VHL (3p25-p26) PHEO, cerebellar hemangioblastoma, retinal angiomas, renal cell carcinoma, pancreatic cysts, pancreatic NETs in 5–10 % 10–20…

Classification Finding 0 No goiter palpable or visible 1a Goiter detected by palpation only 1b Goiter palpable and visible with neck extended 2 Goiter visible with neck in normal position…

Fig. 7.1 Patient position for posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy The patient is positioned prone with hips and knees flexed, with the side of surgery as near to the side of the…

Fig. 2.1 Contrast-enhanced CT scan in a patient with Cushing’s syndrome demonstrating a left primary adrenal tumor and a synchronous metastasis in the right lobe of the liver Medical Management…

Amiloride Estrogen (combined oral contraceptive pill, hormone replacement therapy) Diuretics ACE inhibitors Angiotensin II receptor blockers Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers Heparin Lithium Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Plasma renin activity will…

Causes of primary hyperaldosteronism Percentage of cases Remarks Aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) ~35 % Original pathology described by Conn Bilateral idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia (BAH) ~60 % – Primary unilateral adrenal hyperplasia…

Pearls Pitfalls All patients should be discussed in a multidisciplinary team (MDT) meeting Be sure that the imaging is contemporaneous as some adrenal metastases have a rapid doubling time (esp…

Histological criteria assessed for the Weiss score High mitotic rate Atypical mitoses High nuclear grade Low percentage of clear cells Necrosis Diffuse architecture of tumor Capsular invasion Sinusoidal invasion Venous…