Assessment of Goiter
Classification Finding 0 No goiter palpable or visible 1a Goiter detected by palpation only 1b Goiter palpable and visible with neck extended 2 Goiter visible with neck in normal position…
ENDOCRINOLOGY
Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma
Syndrome Gene (chromosome)a,b Clinical manifestations % With PHEO % Bilateral von Hippel-Lindauc VHL (3p25-p26) PHEO, cerebellar hemangioblastoma, retinal angiomas, renal cell carcinoma, pancreatic cysts, pancreatic NETs in 5–10 % 10–20…
Minimally Invasive Adrenal Surgery
Fig. 7.1 Patient position for posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy The patient is positioned prone with hips and knees flexed, with the side of surgery as near to the side of the…
Adrenal and Paraganglioma: Presentation, Assessment, and Diagnosis
Amiloride Estrogen (combined oral contraceptive pill, hormone replacement therapy) Diuretics ACE inhibitors Angiotensin II receptor blockers Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers Heparin Lithium Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Plasma renin activity will…
Management of Conn’s Syndrome
Causes of primary hyperaldosteronism Percentage of cases Remarks Aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) ~35 % Original pathology described by Conn Bilateral idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia (BAH) ~60 % – Primary unilateral adrenal hyperplasia…
Adrenal Metastasectomy
Pearls Pitfalls All patients should be discussed in a multidisciplinary team (MDT) meeting Be sure that the imaging is contemporaneous as some adrenal metastases have a rapid doubling time (esp…
Cushing’s Disease and Syndrome
Fig. 2.1 Contrast-enhanced CT scan in a patient with Cushing’s syndrome demonstrating a left primary adrenal tumor and a synchronous metastasis in the right lobe of the liver Medical Management…
Adrenocortical Carcinoma and Open Adrenalectomy
Histological criteria assessed for the Weiss score High mitotic rate Atypical mitoses High nuclear grade Low percentage of clear cells Necrosis Diffuse architecture of tumor Capsular invasion Sinusoidal invasion Venous…
Adrenal Gland Imaging
CT is currently the primary method of imaging the adrenal gland, both for evaluating patients with abnormal adrenal function and for demonstrating adrenal anatomy in patients with incidentally discovered adrenal…
Endocrine Testing
Endocrine-Related Autoantibody Tests Catecholamines Gastrointestinal Hormone–Related Tests Gonad Function Tests Growth and Growth Hormone Tests Hypothalamic-Pituitary Tests Parathyroid/Bone Tests Renal and Fluid-Balance Tests Thyroid Function Tests Genetic Tests Adrenal Dynamic…
