Oncohema Key

MORPHOLOGY OF THE NORMAL BREAST, ITS HORMONAL CONTROL, AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Richard E. Blackwell MORPHOLOGY AND HORMONAL CONTROL

COMMON MINOR SIDE EFFECTS Part of “CHAPTER 105 – COMPLICATIONS AND SIDE EFFECTS OF STEROIDAL CONTRACEPTION“

EFFECTS ON BONE MINERAL DENSITY Part of “CHAPTER 105 – COMPLICATIONS AND SIDE EFFECTS OF STEROIDAL CONTRACEPTION“ Combined Oral Contraceptives. Estrogen-replacement therapy has been proven to prevent bone loss and…

EFFECTS ON THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT Part of “CHAPTER 105 – COMPLICATIONS AND SIDE EFFECTS OF STEROIDAL CONTRACEPTION“ LIVER AND BILIARY TREE EFFECTS Combined Oral Contraception. COCs have a variety of…

EFFECTS ON THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT Part of “CHAPTER 105 – COMPLICATIONS AND SIDE EFFECTS OF STEROIDAL CONTRACEPTION“ OVARIAN EFFECTS OVARIAN CYSTS Combined Oral Contraceptives. High-dose COCs have been shown to…

EFFECTS ON THE BREASTS Part of “CHAPTER 105 – COMPLICATIONS AND SIDE EFFECTS OF STEROIDAL CONTRACEPTION“ BENIGN BREAST CHANGES Combined Oral Contraceptives. The estrogen component of COCs can cause breast…

CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS Part of “CHAPTER 105 – COMPLICATIONS AND SIDE EFFECTS OF STEROIDAL CONTRACEPTION“ THROMBOEMBOLIC DISEASE Combined Oral Contraceptives. Early epidemiologic studies22,23 and 24 indicated a four-fold to eight-fold increase…

METABOLIC EFFECTS Part of “CHAPTER 105 – COMPLICATIONS AND SIDE EFFECTS OF STEROIDAL CONTRACEPTION“ Pharmacologic doses of contraceptive hormones have widespread metabolic effects, but many of these are merely alterations…

PHARMACOLOGY Part of “CHAPTER 105 – COMPLICATIONS AND SIDE EFFECTS OF STEROIDAL CONTRACEPTION“ Hormonal contraceptives are formulated from synthetic steroid 19-nortestosterone derivatives, which include norethindrone, norethindrone acetate, norethynodrel, ethynodiol diacetate,…

COMPLICATIONS AND SIDE EFFECTS OF STEROIDAL CONTRACEPTION Alisa B. Goldberg Philip Darney All steroidal contraceptives are composed either of a progestin alone or a combination of an estrogen and a…