Fig. 5.1 Pathways indicating the integrative function of estrogen in regulating glucose uptake. Estrogen mediates glucose homeostasis via its two receptors ERα and ERβ. ERα, the predominant isoform in muscle,…
Fig. 9.1 Diagram summarizes known effects of aging and estrogen on HSPs and inflammatory stimuli in the heart. Dashed line—E2 effects; solid line—aging effects; arrow—stimulated; blunted line—inhibition Although estrogen loss…
Fig. 1.1 Forest plot of effect sizes from 23 publications between 1987 and 2007 that reported muscle strength in postmenopausal women who were and were not on an estrogen-based hormone…
Recommended Ineffective or harmful Uncertain effect EPA and DHA from oily fish or fish-oil supplements Hormone therapy and selective estrogen receptor modulators (including soy isoflavones) Vitamin D Plant stanols and…
Fig. 4.1 Changes in lumbar spine BMD from baseline diagnosis of PHPT to before surgery 6 years later A discussion of treatment options included parathyroidectomy versus observation, and the patient…
MEN 1 MEN 2a NSHPT/FHH HPT-JT FIHP Clinical features PHPT Pancreatic/duodenal tumors Pituitary tumors (functioning and nonfunctioning) Skin findings (angiofibromas, collagenomas) PHPT Medullary thyroid carcinoma Pheochromocytoma PHPT Severe hypercalcemia…
Fig. 9.1 Nuclear medicine parathyroid single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) revealing increased sestamibi uptake in the inferior thyroid lobes bilaterally (arrows) Assessment and Diagnosis The classical medical mnemonic of the…
Fig. 11.1 Parathyroid subtraction imaging showing uptake in the pretracheal region Fig. 11.2 SPECT sestamibi parathyroid imaging showing multiple pretracheal nodules Fig. 11.3 Neck ultrasound demonstrating multiple subcutaneous nodules ranging…
Analyte Results Reference range Calcium 10.5 8.9–10.1 mg/dL Parathyroid hormone (PTH) 68 15–65 pg/mL Creatinine 0.8 0.6–1.1 mg/dL 25-hydroxyvitamin D 31 20–50 ng/mL 24-h urine calcium excretion 439 25–300 mg/24…
Fig. 20.1 Intraoperative parathyroid hormone levels after sequential resection of hyperplastic right inferior and left inferior parathyroid glands to treat tertiary hyperparathyroidism in a patient with pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ib Outcome…
