Oncohema Key

EVALUATION PROTOCOL FOR PATIENTS WITH NEPHROLITHIASIS Part of “CHAPTER 69 – NEPHROLITHIASIS“

STRUVITE STONES Part of “CHAPTER 69 – NEPHROLITHIASIS“ PATHOGENESIS Some bacteria, especially Proteus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, and Aerobactersp, possess urease, which is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea to…

CYSTINE STONES Part of “CHAPTER 69 – NEPHROLITHIASIS“ PATHOGENESIS The only known cause of cystine stones is a hereditary defect of renal tubule transport that permits large amounts of cystine…

URIC ACID STONES Part of “CHAPTER 69 – NEPHROLITHIASIS“ PATHOGENESIS LOW URINE PH The main cause of increases in uric acid supersaturation is a low urine pH (Fig. 69-3). The…

CALCIUM STONES Part of “CHAPTER 69 – NEPHROLITHIASIS“ PATHOGENETIC FACTORS The factors critical to calcium stone formation are supersaturation and nucleation. Supersaturation of a solution occurs when a solution contains…

CLINICAL FEATURES OF STONE DISEASE Part of “CHAPTER 69 – NEPHROLITHIASIS“ TYPES OF KIDNEY STONES Kidney stones usually consist of calcium salts, uric acid, cystine,or struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate). Each…

NEPHROLITHIASIS Murray J. Favus Fredric L. Coe CLINICAL FEATURES OF STONE DISEASE CALCIUM STONES

MAGNESIUM EXCESS Part of “CHAPTER 68 – MAGNESIUM METABOLISM“ Magnesium intoxication is an uncommon clinical problem, although mild to moderate elevations in the serum magnesium concentration are not unusual. In…

MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY Part of “CHAPTER 68 – MAGNESIUM METABOLISM“ ETIOLOGY OF MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY Although magnesium is avidly conserved by the body, magnesium deficiency is a common occurrence. Up to 10%…

MAGNESIUM METABOLISM Robert K. Rude Magnesium is the fourth most abundant cation in the body and the major intracellular divalent cation. The amount of magnesium in an adult human is…