Effects of Lifestyle (Diet, Plant Sterols, Exercise) and Glycemic Control on Lipoproteins in Diabetes


Dietary component

LDL-cholesterol lowering (%)

Saturated fat reduction 15–10 %

 5

Polyunsaturated fat increase 5–10 %

 3

Plant sterols 2 g/day

10

Oat bran 15 g/day

 5

Low-GI carbohydrate in place of high-GI

 5

Total possible change

28





References



1.

Mensink RP, Zock PL, Kester AD, Katan MB. Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77(5):1146–55.PubMed


2.

Simpson RW, Mann JI, Eaton J, Moore RA, Carter R, Hockaday TDR. Improved glucose control in maturity-onset diabetes treated with high-carbohydrate-modified fat diet. BMJ. 1979;1:1753–6.PubMedCrossRef


3.

Howard-Williams J, Patel P, Jelfs R, et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and diabetic retinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 1985;69:15–8.PubMedCrossRef


4.

Storm H, Thomsen C, Pedersen E, Rasmussen O, Christiansen C, Hermansen K. Comparison of a carbohydrate-rich diet and diets rich in stearic or palmitic acid in NIDDM patients. Effects on lipids, glycemic control, and diurnal blood pressure. Diabetes Care. 1997;20(12):1807–13.PubMedCrossRef


5.

Christiansen E, Schneider S, Palmvig B, Tauber-Lassen E, Pedersen O. Intake of a diet high in trans monounsaturated fatty acids or saturated fatty acids. Effects on postprandial insulinemia and glycemia in obese patients with NIDDM. Diabetes Care. 1997;20(5):881–7.PubMedCrossRef


6.

Abbott WG, Swinburn B, Ruotolo G, Hara H, Patti L, Harper I, Grundy SM, Howard BV. Effect of a high-carbohydrate, low-saturated-fat diet on apolipoprotein B and triglyceride metabolism in Pima Indians. J Clin Invest. 1990;86(2):642–50.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef


7.

Heine RJ, Mulder C, Popp-Snijders C, van der Meer J, van der Veen EA. Linoleic-acid-enriched diet: long-term effects on serum lipoprotein and apolipoprotein concentrations and insulin sensitivity in noninsulin-dependent diabetic patients. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989;49(3):448–56.PubMed


8.

Heilbronn LK, Noakes M, Clifton PM. Effect of energy restriction, weight loss, and diet composition on plasma lipids and glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1999;22(6):889–95.PubMedCrossRef


9.

Nield L, Moore HJ, Hooper L, Cruickshank JK, Vyas A, Whittaker V, Summerbell CD. Dietary advice for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;3, CD004097.PubMed


10.

Garg A. High-monounsaturated-fat diets for patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;67(3 Suppl):577S–82.PubMed


11.

Kodama S, Saito K, Tanaka S, Maki M, Yachi Y, Sato M, Sugawara A, Totsuka K, Shimano H, Ohashi Y, Yamada N, Sone H. Influence of fat and carbohydrate proportions on the metabolic profile in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(5):959–65.PubMedCrossRef


12.

Krauss RM, Blanche PJ, Rawlings RS, Fernstrom HS, Williams PT. Separate effects of reduced carbohydrate intake and weight loss on atherogenic dyslipidemia. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83(5):1025–31.PubMed


13.

Mozaffarian D, Micha R, Wallace S. Effects on coronary heart disease of increasing polyunsaturated fat in place of saturated fat: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS Med. 2010;7(3):e1000252. Review.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef


14.

Thomsen C, Rasmussen OW, Hansen KW, Vesterlund M, Hermansen K. Comparison of the effects on the diurnal blood pressure, glucose, and lipid levels of a diet rich in monounsaturated fatty acids with a diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids in type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabet Med. 1995;12(7):600–6.PubMedCrossRef


15.

Jönsson T, Granfeldt Y, Ahrén B, Branell UC, Pålsson G, Hansson A, Söderström M, Lindeberg S. Beneficial effects of a Paleolithic diet on cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes: a randomized cross-over pilot study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2009;8:35.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef


16.

Tanasescu M, Cho E, Manson JE, Hu FB. Dietary fat and cholesterol and the risk of cardiovascular disease among women with type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:999–1005.PubMed


17.

Hartweg J, Perera R, Montori V, Dinneen S, Neil HA, Farmer A. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;1, CD003205.PubMed


18.

Weggemans RM, Zock PL, Katan MB. Dietary cholesterol from eggs increases the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in humans: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73(5):885–91.PubMed


19.

Reaven GM. Insulin resistance, dietary cholesterol, and cholesterol concentration in postmenopausal women. Metabolism. 2001;50:594–7.PubMedCrossRef


20.

Tannock LR, O’Brien KD, Knopp RH, et al. Cholesterol feeding increases C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A levels in lean insulin-sensitive subjects. Circulation. 2005;111:3058–62.PubMedCrossRef


21.

Gylling H, Hallikainen M, Pihlajamäki J, Simonen P, Kuusisto J, Laakso M, Miettinen TA. Insulin sensitivity regulates cholesterol metabolism to a greater extent than obesity: lessons from the METSIM Study. J Lipid Res. 2010;51(8):2422–7. Epub 2010 May 1.PubMedCrossRef


22.

Romano G, Tilly-Kiesi MK, Patti L, et al. Effects of dietary cholesterol on plasma lipoproteins and their subclasses in IDDM patients. Diabetologia. 1998;41:193–200.PubMedCrossRef


23.

Gylling H, Tuominen JA, Koivisto VA, Miettinen TA. Cholesterol metabolism in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2004;53(9):2217–22.PubMedCrossRef


24.

Miettinen TA, Gylling H, Tuominen J, Simonen P, Koivisto V. Low synthesis and high absorption of cholesterol characterize type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(1):53–8.PubMedCrossRef


25.

Simonen PP, Gylling HK, Miettinen TA. Diabetes contributes to cholesterol metabolism regardless of obesity. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(9):1511–5.PubMedCrossRef


26.

Simonen P, Gylling H, Howard AN, Miettinen TA. Introducing a new component of the metabolic syndrome: low cholesterol absorption. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72:82–8.PubMed


27.

Lau VW, Journo M, Jones PJ. Plant sterols are efficacious in lowering plasma LDL and non-HDL cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic type 2 diabetic and nondiabetic persons. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81(6):1351–8.PubMed


28.

Abumweis SS, Barake R, Jones PJ. Plant sterols/stanols as cholesterol lowering agents: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Food Nutr Res. 2008;52. doi: 10.​3402/​fnr.​v52i0.​1811.


29.

Hallikainen M, Kurl S, Laakso M, Miettinen TA, Gylling H. Plant stanol esters lower LDL cholesterol level in statin-treated subjects with type 1 diabetes by interfering the absorption and synthesis of cholesterol. Atherosclerosis. 2011;217(2):473–8. Epub 2011 Apr 5.PubMedCrossRef


30.

Hallikainen M, Lyyra-Laitinen T, Laitinen T, Moilanen L, Miettinen TA, Gylling H. Effects of plant stanol esters on serum cholesterol concentrations, relative markers of cholesterol metabolism and endothelial function in type 1 diabetes. Atherosclerosis. 2008;199(2):432–9. Epub 2007 Dec 11.PubMedCrossRef

Apr 14, 2017 | Posted by in ENDOCRINOLOGY | Comments Off on Effects of Lifestyle (Diet, Plant Sterols, Exercise) and Glycemic Control on Lipoproteins in Diabetes

Full access? Get Clinical Tree

Get Clinical Tree app for offline access