Comprehensive
Limited (one from each domain)
CAGE screen for alcohol abuse
Cardiac and pulmonary risk factors
Frailty, 5-point phenotype assessment
ADL
IADL
TUG
Nutrition screen
Hearing screen
Medication review
Charlson comorbidity index score
Advanced directive counseling
Fall risk assessment
Performance status, ECOG
Stair-climbing question
Living situation
Quality of life/health rating
Estimated creatinine clearance/GFR
Postoperative delirium risk factors
Caregiver burden interview
Provider “Gestalt” assessment
Oral/dental screen
Pincher strength assessment
Cognition:
Mini-Cog
MMSE
Frailty:
5-point
Climbing
Function:
ECOG
ADL
IADL
3.4.4 Location of the Data
An electronic health record is optimal for the location of testing results, as it is accessible by all throughout the patient’s perioperative course. If the database is constructed with discrete fields, it may be queried subsequently for research or quality improvement purposes. A paper form which follows the patient is also possible, as is a simple addendum to the dictated history and physical examination.
Allowing access to the geriatric preoperative assessment allows not only the surgical management team but also physical therapy, occupational therapy, nursing and social workers to understand more clearly the patient’s baseline. Physical and occupational therapy are able to better gauge a patient’s preoperative activity status as physician admission notes often do not contain important information regarding details covered in a geriatric preoperative assessment. Social workers can often anticipate in advance what additional services may need to be obtained for the patient prior to discharge.
3.5 Best Practice Versus Reality
Recognizing that this comprehensive evaluation would require significant time and resources, the authors nevertheless believe that those burdens would be offset by the benefits of identifying high-risk individuals, improving communication between surgeon and patient, and potentially preventing adverse events.
The Sinai Center for Geriatric Surgery is a new initiative. Currently data about its impact and improvement of surgical outcomes is accumulating, is being entered into national databases, and ultimately will be submitted for publication. However, early impressions about the benefit of this program can be shared. Selected observations follow:
- 1.
Preliminary data from the program revealed 20 % of elective geriatric patients, without a known history of cognitive impairment, displayed mild cognitive impairment and, therefore, were more prone to have postoperative delirium. This led to brochure now being developed for patients and family to educate them about postoperative delirium.
- 2.
A documented mental status baseline has helped postoperative care providers like anesthesiologists, intensivists, and consultants appreciate postoperative changes more reliably.
- 3.
A few patients were found to not understand the information that was given to them by the surgeon and/or his/her team due to either not hearing the information correctly from an unknown hearing deficit or needing more basic explanation of the procedure. Surgeons were informed and typically they have more information about the proposed surgery.
- 4.
Identifying a hearing deficit has alerted postoperative caregivers to know from which side to speak to a patient or ensure a patient’s hearing aids are available postoperatively. Nurses have been particularly responsive to this extensive preoperative assessment as they have had an easier time communicating with patients postoperatively knowing in advance of hearing deficits and to take measures to optimize communication.
- 5.
Case management has been called for a number of patients without identified caregivers to help plan more effectively for discharge by helping to establish a caregiver such as an unaware relative, neighbor, a friend, or church member. This on occasion has prevented postsurgical transfer to a nursing home or rehabilitation center.
- 6.
Surgeons including faculty and trainees at Sinai Hospital of Baltimore generally have been responsive to the preoperative evaluation of the Geriatric Surgical Center and report a positive impact in their patient’s postsurgical course.
3.6 Conclusion
The older preoperative patient benefits from an assessment that includes more than a routine physical examination and electrocardiogram . Such an assessment includes domains likely to affect the elderly: cognition, functionality, frailty, polypharmacy, nutrition, and social support. This fosters decisions based on functional age rather than chronologic age and on each patient as a unique individual.
One such assessment is that promulgated by the ACS NSQIP/AGS Best Practices Guideline. If this comprehensive evaluation is considered impractical for an institution or surgeon’s office, a limited dataset of tests will still be valuable. Any opportunity to improve results in the growing population of older surgical patients should not be missed.
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