Head and neck cancer

8 Head and neck cancer





Aetiology


The important aetiological factors in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck include:








Anatomy


Figure 8.1 shows the anatomical sites in the head and neck. Figure 8.2 demonstrates the anatomical levels of neck nodes and the typical regional lymphatic drainage for head and neck subsites, which are important in planning surgery and radiotherapy. In the unoperated neck, the pattern of lymph node drainage is relatively predictable for different tumour subsites. The risk of occult lymph node metastasis varies according to the primary site and the size of the primary tumour. Clinical assessment of this risk of cervical nodal metastasis dictates subsequent decisions on inclusion of lymph node groups within a neck dissection or radiotherapy target volume during the definitive treatment.







Investigations and staging


The objectives of the clinical assessment of a patient with a suspected head and neck cancer are:










Management of head and neck cancers




Principles of treatment



Early stage disease (stages I–II/T1–2N0M0)


Early stage disease is usually managed with either surgery or radiotherapy. The choice of treatment is based on location of tumour and anticipated morbidity. Radiotherapy results in a local control rate of 85–95% for T1 and 70–85% for T2 lesions. Treatment of the neck should be considered in addition to the treatment to the primary site. Node negative head and neck cancers with a >15–20% risk of occult cervical node metastasis (all cancers except <2 cm lesions in oral cavity and T1 glottic cancers) need elective management of neck nodes – either by a neck dissection or neck irradiation. The level(s) of nodes to be treated depends on the primary site of tumour and T stage, and the choice of treatment modality depends on the treatment of the primary site (Box 8.3).



Jun 18, 2016 | Posted by in ONCOLOGY | Comments Off on Head and neck cancer

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