Part of “CHAPTER 66 – RARE DISORDERS OF SKELETAL FORMATION AND HOMEOSTASIS“

Ischemic (avascular) necrosis is common92 (see Chap. 211). The condition has multiple causes: endocrine or metabolic (e.g., glucocorticoid therapy, Cushing disease, alcohol abuse, gout, osteomalacia, hyperparathyroidism, hypothyroidism), storage diseases (e.g., Gaucher disease), hemoglobinopathies, trauma, dysbaric disorders, irradiation, and pancreatitis.93 Some cases are idiopathic, and some are familial. The most common causes are prolonged exposure to glucocorticoids and alcohol abuse.