| Tumor Marker | Diagnostic Significance | Normal Values |
|---|---|---|
| HORMONES | ||
| Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) in serum | Choriocarcinoma | 5 mIU/ml |
| Hepatoblastoma | ||
| Catecholamines urinary VMA/HVA | Neuroblastoma | Appendix 1 , Table A1.34 |
| Plasma and urinary catecholamines and urinary metanephrine and VMA | Pheochromocytoma | |
| Testosterone serum | Leydig cell tumor (testis) | DOM |
| Sertoli–Leydig cell (ovary) | ||
| Estrogen serum | Granulosa cell tumor (ovary) | DOM |
| Sertoli cell tumor (testis) | ||
| Cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone and estrogen serum | Adrenal hyperplasia Adrenal adenoma | DOM |
| Adrenal carcinoma | ||
| Ectopic adrenal rests (liver, testis, ovary) | ||
| Thyrocalcitonin serum | Medullary (C-cell) thyroid carcinoma | DOM |
| T3, T4 serum | Hyperthyroidism | Appendix 1 , Table A1.36 |
| Thyroid adenoma | ||
| Thyroid carcinoma | ||
| Parathormone serum | Parathyroid hyperplasia | DOM |
| Parathyroid adenoma | ||
| Parathyroid carcinoma | ||
| Hepatoblastoma | ||
| Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) | Neuroblastoma | <75 pg/ml |
| Vipoma | ||
| Renin serum | Wilms’ tumor | DOM |
| Erythropoietin serum | Wilms’ tumor | Appendix 1 , Table A1.17 |
| Adrenal carcinoma | ||
| Renal carcinoma | ||
| Hepatoma | ||
| ENZYMES | ||
| Neurone-specific enolase in serum | Neuroblastoma | 15 ng/ml |
| Primitive neuroectodermal tumors | ||
| Medulloblastoma | ||
| Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) in serum | Acute leukemias | 297–537 units/l (depending on laboratory) |
| Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | ||
| Neuroblastoma | ||
| Ewing’s sarcoma | ||
| Osteosarcoma | ||
| Germ cell tumor | ||
| SPECIFIC PROTEINS | ||
| Immunoglobulins | Multiple myeloma and other gammopathies | See reference values in Appendix 1 |
| Cytokines | Acute lymphoblastic leukemia | |
| Soluble interleukin-2 receptor (SIL-2R) in serum | Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | |
| Hodgkin’s disease | ||
| Hemophagocytic histiocytic syndrome | ||
| MUCINS AND OTHER GLYCOPROTEINS | ||
| CA 125 | Ovarian cancer | <35 units/ml |
| CA 19–9 | Colon cancer, pancreatic cancer | ~37 units/ml (for investigation use only) |
| CA 15–3 | Breast cancer | <31 units/ml |
| OTHER TUMOR MARKERS | ||
| 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid in urine (5-HIAA) | Carcinoid tumor | 24 h urine: 2–8 mg/dl |
| Neopterins in urine | Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | 7–150 μg/l |
| Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis | ||
| Ferritin | Neuroblastoma | 6 months–15 years: 12–113 ng/ml; 15–49 years: 12–156 ng/ml |
| Hodgkin disease | ||
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | ||
| Germ cell tumor | ||
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