| HORMONES |
| Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) in serum |
Choriocarcinoma |
5 mIU/ml |
| Hepatoblastoma |
| Catecholamines urinary VMA/HVA |
Neuroblastoma |
Appendix 1 , Table A1.34 |
| Plasma and urinary catecholamines and urinary metanephrine and VMA |
Pheochromocytoma |
|
| Testosterone serum |
Leydig cell tumor (testis) |
DOM |
| Sertoli–Leydig cell (ovary) |
| Estrogen serum |
Granulosa cell tumor (ovary) |
DOM |
| Sertoli cell tumor (testis) |
| Cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone and estrogen serum |
Adrenal hyperplasia Adrenal adenoma |
DOM |
| Adrenal carcinoma |
| Ectopic adrenal rests (liver, testis, ovary) |
| Thyrocalcitonin serum |
Medullary (C-cell) thyroid carcinoma |
DOM |
| T3, T4 serum |
Hyperthyroidism |
Appendix 1 , Table A1.36 |
| Thyroid adenoma |
| Thyroid carcinoma |
| Parathormone serum |
Parathyroid hyperplasia |
DOM |
| Parathyroid adenoma |
| Parathyroid carcinoma |
| Hepatoblastoma |
| Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) |
Neuroblastoma |
<75 pg/ml |
| Vipoma |
| Renin serum |
Wilms’ tumor |
DOM |
| Erythropoietin serum |
Wilms’ tumor |
Appendix 1 , Table A1.17 |
| Adrenal carcinoma |
| Renal carcinoma |
| Hepatoma |
| ENZYMES |
| Neurone-specific enolase in serum |
Neuroblastoma |
15 ng/ml |
| Primitive neuroectodermal tumors |
| Medulloblastoma |
| Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) in serum |
Acute leukemias |
297–537 units/l (depending on laboratory) |
| Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma |
| Neuroblastoma |
| Ewing’s sarcoma |
| Osteosarcoma |
| Germ cell tumor |
| SPECIFIC PROTEINS |
| Immunoglobulins |
Multiple myeloma and other gammopathies |
See reference values in Appendix 1 |
| Cytokines |
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia |
|
| Soluble interleukin-2 receptor (SIL-2R) in serum |
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma |
|
| Hodgkin’s disease |
| Hemophagocytic histiocytic syndrome |
| MUCINS AND OTHER GLYCOPROTEINS |
| CA 125 |
Ovarian cancer |
<35 units/ml |
| CA 19–9 |
Colon cancer, pancreatic cancer |
~37 units/ml (for investigation use only) |
| CA 15–3 |
Breast cancer |
<31 units/ml |
| OTHER TUMOR MARKERS |
| 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid in urine (5-HIAA) |
Carcinoid tumor |
24 h urine: 2–8 mg/dl |
| Neopterins in urine |
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma |
7–150 μg/l |
| Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis |
| Ferritin |
Neuroblastoma |
6 months–15 years: 12–113 ng/ml; 15–49 years: 12–156 ng/ml |
| Hodgkin disease |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma |
|
Germ cell tumor |
|
