Unit III. Combination Chemotherapy Regimens

The use of combination chemotherapy is well established. Combining agents have allowed the clinician to achieve maximum cell kill while trying to minimize toxicity to the patient. The drugs that are used exhibit synergy, have different mechanisms of action, and have overlapping toxicities.

Part III is a comprehensive review of combination regimens that are in use today for disease sites as indicated in the tables. It should serve as a general reference or guidelines only, as variations may happen. Dose or cycle modifications of the regimens may happen because of disease progression or toxicity experienced. As ongoing research continues, the clinical utility of the original regimens might be expanded to other cancer sites. For these reasons, the author has decided to alphabetize the regimens instead of the usual classification according to target sites.

ABV
Use:	Kaposi’s sarcoma	Cycle: 28 days
Regimen:	Doxorubicin	40 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Bleomycin	15 units/m²	IV	Days 1, 15
	Vinblastine	6 mg/m²	IV	Day 1

ABVD
Use:	Lymphoma (Hodgkin’s)
Regimen:	Doxorubicin	25 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 15
	Bleomycin	10 units/m²	IV	Days 1, 15
	Vinblastine	6 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 15
	with
	Dacarbazine	350–375 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 15
	or
	Dacarbazine	150 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–5

AC
Use:	Breast cancer	Cycle: 21 days
Regimen:	Doxorubicin	45–60 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Cyclophosphamide	400–600 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
Use:	Sarcoma (bony)	Cycle: 28 days
Regimen:	Doxorubicin	75–90 mg/m² total dose CI	CI	Over 96 h
	Cisplatin	95–120 mg/m²	IV or IA	Day 6

ACE—seeCAE ACE
Use:	Breast cancer	Cycle: 21–28 days
Regimen:	Cyclophosphamide	200 mg/m²/day	PO	Days 1–3 or 3–6
	Doxorubicin	40 mg/m²	IV	Day 1

A-DIC
Use:	Sarcoma (soft tissue)	Cycle: 21 days
Regimen:	Doxorubicin	45–60 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–5

AP
Use:	Ovarian, endometrial cancer	Cycle: 21 days
Regimen:	Doxorubicin	50–60 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Cisplatin	50–60 mg/m²	IV	Day 1

BCVPP
Use:	Lymphoma (Hodgkin’s)	Cycle: 28 days
Regimen:	Carmustine	100 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Cyclophosphamide	600 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Vinblastine	5 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Procarbazine	50 mg/m²/day	PO	Day 1
	Procarbazine	100 mg/m²/day	PO	Days 2–10
	Prednisone	60 mg/m²/day	PO	Days 1–10

BEP
Use:	Testicular cancer	Cycle: 21 days
Regimen:	Bleomycin	30 units	IV	Days 2, 9, 16
	Etoposide	100 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–5
	Cisplatin	20 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–5

BIP
Use:	Cervical cancer	Cycle: 21 days
Regimen:	Bleomycin	30 units	CI	Day 1
	Ifosfamide	5 g/m²	CI	Day 2
	Cisplatin	50 mg/m²	IV	Day 2
	Mesna	8 g/m²	Cl over 36 h	Day 2 (with ifosfamide)

BOMP
Use:	Cervical cancer	Cycle: 6 weeks
Regimen:	Bleomycin	10 units	IM	Weekly
	Vincristine	1 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 8, 22, 29
	Cisplatin	50 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 22
	Mitomycin	10 mg/m²	IV	Day 1

CAE (ACE)
Use:	Lung cancer (non-small cell)	Cycle: 21 days
Regimen:	Cyclophosphamide	1 g/m²	IV	Day 1
	Doxorubicin	45 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Etoposide	50 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–5

CAF
Use:	Breast cancer	Cycle: 21 days
Regimen:	Cyclophosphamide	400–600 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	or
	Cyclophosphamide	100 mg/m²/day	PO	Days 1–14
	with
	Doxorubicin	40–60 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Fluorouracil	400–600 mg/m²	IV	Day 1

CAL-G
Use:	Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
Regimen:	Cyclophosphamide	1.2 g	IV	Day 1
	Daunorubicin	45 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–3
	Vincristine	2 mg	IV	Days 1, 8, 15, 22
	Prednisone	60 mg/m²/day	PO	Days 1–21
	with
	Asparaginase or	1000 units/m²	IV	Days 5, 8, 11, 15, 18, 22
	Pegaspargase	2500 units/m²	IM or IV	Every other week

CAMP
Use:	Lung cancer (non-small cell)	Cycle: 28 days
Regimen:	Cyclophosphamide	300 mg/m²/day	IV	Days 1, 8
	Doxorubicin	20 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 8
	Methotrexate	15 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 8
	Procarbazine	100 mg/m²/day	PO	Days 1–10

CAP
Use:	Lung cancer (non-small cell)	Cycle: 28 days
Regimen:	Cyclophosphamide	400 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Doxorubicin	40 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Cisplatin	60 mg/m²	IV	Day 1

CAV (VAC)
Use:	Lung cancer (small cell)	Cycle: 21 days
Regimen:	Cyclophosphamide	750–1000 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Doxorubicin	40–50 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Vincristine	1.4 mg/m² (2 mg maximum dose)	IV	Day 1

CAVE
Use:	Lung cancer (small cell)	Cycle: 21–28 days
Regimen:	Add to CAV: Etoposide	60–100 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–5

CC
Use:	Ovarian cancer	Cycle: 28 days
Regimen:	Carboplatin	300–500 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Cyclophosphamide	600 mg/m²	IV	Day 1

CDDP/VP**
Use:	Brain tumors
Regimen:	Cisplatin	90 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Etoposide	150 mg/m²	IV	Days 2–3

CEV
Use:	Lung cancer (small cell)	Cycle: 21–28 days
Regimen:	Cyclophosphamide	1 g/m²	IV	Day 1
	Etoposide	50 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Etoposide	100 mg/m²	PO	Days 2–5
	Vincristine	1.4 mg/m² (2 mg maximum dose)	IV	Day 1

CF
Use:	Adenocarcinoma, head and neck cancer	Cycle: 21–28 days
Regimen:	Cisplatin	100 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Fluorouracil	1 g/m²	CI	Days 1–4 or 5

CF
Use:	Head and neck cancer	Cycle: 21–28 days
Regimen:	Carboplatin	400 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Fluorouracil	1 g/m²	CI	Days 1–4 or 5

CFL
Use:	Head and neck cancer	Cycle: 21–28 days
Regimen:	Cisplatin	100 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Fluorouracil	600–800 mg/m²	CI	Days 1–5
	Calcium leucovorin	200–300 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–5

CFM (CNF/FNC)
Use:	Breast cancer	Cycle: 21 days
Regimen:	Cyclophosphamide	500 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Fluorouracil	500 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Mitoxantrone	10 mg/m²	IV	Day 1

CFPT*
Use:	Breast cancer	Cycle: 28 days
Regimen:	Cyclophosphamide	150 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–5
	Fluorouacil	300 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–5
	Prednisone	10 mg	PO	TID for 1st 7 days of each course
	Tamoxifen	10 mg	PO	BID (continue daily through all courses)

CHAP
Use:	Ovarian cancer	Cycle: 28 days
Regimen:	Cyclophosphamide	150 mg/m²/day	PO	Days 2–8
	or
	Cyclophosphamide	300–500 mg/m²/day	PO	Day 1
	with
	Altretamine	150 mg/m²/day	PO	Days 2–8
	Doxorubicin	30 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Cisplatin	50–60 mg/m²	IV	Day 1

ChLVPP
Use:	Lymphoma (Hodgkin’s)	Cycle: 21–28 days
Regimen:	Chlorambucil	6 mg/m² (10 mg/day maximum dose)	PO	Days 1–14
	Vinblastine	6 mg/m² (10 mg/day maximum dose)	IV	Days 1–8
	Procarbazine	100 mg/m² (150 mg/day max dose)	PO	Days 1–14
	Prednisone	40 mg/m² (25 mg/m²—pediatrics)	PO	Days 1–14

ChIVPP/EVA
Use:	Lymphoma (Hodgkin’s)	Cycle: 21–28 days
Regimen:	See ChlVPP, except chlorambucil, procarbazine, and prednisone days 1–7, vinblastine day 1 only			Days 1–7
	with
	Etoposide	200 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–3
	Vincristine	2 mg	IV	Day 8
	Doxorubicin	50 mg/m²	IV	Day 8

CHOP
Use:	Lymphoma (non-Hodgkin’s)	Cycle: 21 days
Regimen:	Cyclophosphamide	750 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Doxorubicin	50 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Vincristine	1.4 mg/m² (2 mg maximum dose)	IV	Day 1
	Prednisone	100 mg/day	PO	Days 1–5

CHOP/BLEO
Use:	Lymphoma (non-Hodgkin’s)	Cycle: 14–21 days
Regimen:	Add to CHOP: Bleomycin	15 units/day	IV	Days 1–5

CISCA
Use:	Bladder cancer	Cycle: 21–28 days
Regimen:	Cyclophosphamide	650 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Doxorubicin	50 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Cisplatin	70–100 mg/m²	IV	Day 2

CISCA_II/VB_IV
Use:	Germ cell tumors
Regimen:	Cyclophosphamide	1 g/m²	IV	Days 1–2
	Doxorubicin	80–90 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–2
	Cisplatin	100–120 mg/m²	IV	Day 3
	alternating with
	Vinblastine	3 mg/m²/day	Cl	Days 1–5
	Bleomycin	30 units/day	Cl	Days 1–5

CMF
Use:	Breast cancer	Cycle: 21–28 days
Regimen:	Cyclophosphamide	400–600 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	or
	Cyclophosphamide	100 mg/m²	PO	Days 1–14
	with
	Methotrexate	40–60 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 8
	Fluorouracil	400–600 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 8

CMFP
Use:	Breast cancer	Cycle: 28 days
Regimen:	Cyclophosphamide	100 mg/m²	PO	Days 1–14
	Methotrexate	30–60 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 8
	Fluorouracil	400–700 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 8
	Prednisone	40 mg/m²/day	PO	Days 1–14

CMFVP
Use:	Breast cancer	Cycle: 21–28 days
Regimen:	Add to CMF:
	Vincristine	1 mg	IV	Days 1–8
	Prednisone	20–40 mg/day	PO	Days 1–7 or 14

CMV
Use:	Bladder cancer	Cycle: 21 days
Regimen:	Cisplatin	100 mg/m²	IV	Day 2 (at least 12 h after MTX)
	Methotrexate	30 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 8
	Vinblastine	4 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 8

COB
Use:	Head and neck cancer	Cycle: 21 days
Regimen:	Cisplatin	100 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Vincristine	1 mg	IV	Days 2, 5
	Bleomycin	30 units/day	Cl	Days 2–5

CODE
Use:	Lung cancer (small cell)
Regimen:	Cisplatin	25 mg/m²	IV	Every week for 9 weeks
	Vincristine	1 mg/m² (2 mg maximum dose)	IV	Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8
	Doxorubicin	25 mg/m²	IV	Weeks 1, 3, 5, 7, 9
	Etoposide	80 mg/m²	IV	Weeks 1, 3, 5, 7, 9

COMLA
Use:	Lymphoma (non-Hodgkin’s)	Cycle: 13 weeks
Regimen:	Cyclophosphamide	1.5 g/m²	IV	Day 1
	Vincristine	1.4 mg/m² (2.5 mg maximum dose)	IV	Days 1, 8, 15
	Methotrexate	120 mg/m²	IV	Days 22, 29, 36, 43, 50, 57, 64, 71
Pediatric regimen:	Leucovorin	25 mg/m²	PO	Every 6 h for 4 doses, 24 h after MTX
	Cytarabine	300 mg/m²	IV	Days 22, 29, 36, 43, 50, 57, 64, 71

COMP**
Use:	Lymphoma (Hodgkin’s, pediatric)
Regimen:	Cyclophosphamide	500 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 15
	Vincristine	1.4 mg/m² (2 mg maximum dose)	IV	Days 1, 8
	Methotrexate	40 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–2
	Prednisone	40 mg/m²/day	PO	Days 1–15

COP
Use:	Lymphoma (non-Hodgkin’s)	Cycle: 21 days
Regimen:	Cyclophosphamide	400–1000 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Vincristine	1.4 mg/m² (2 mg maximum dose)	IV	Day 1
	Prednisone	60 mg/m²	PO	Days 1–5

COPE
Use:	Lung cancer (small cell)	Cycle: 21 days
Regimen:	Cyclophosphamide	750 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Vincristine	1.4 mg/m² (2 mg maximum dose)	IV	Day 3
	Cisplatin	20 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–3
	Etoposide	100 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–3

COPP (“C” MOPP)**
Use:	Lymphoma (non-Hodgkin’s or Hodgkin’s)	Cycle: 28 days
Regimen:	Cyclophosphamide	500–600 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 8
	Vincristine	1.4 mg/m² (2 mg maximum dose)	IV	Days 1, 8
	Procarbazine	100 mg/m²	PO	Days 1–14
	Prednisone	40 mg/m²	PO	Days 1–14

CP
Use:	Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
Regimen:	Chlorambucil	0.4 mg/kg/day	PO	Day 1
	Prednisone	100 mg/day	PO	Days 1–7
Use:	Ovarian cancer	Cycle: 21 days
Regimen:	Cyclophosphamide	600–1000 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Cisplatin	50–100 mg/m²	IV	Day 1

CT
Use:	Ovarian cancer	Cycle: 21 days
Regimen:	Cisplatin	75 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Paclitaxel	135 mg/m²	IV	Day 1

CVD
Use:	Malignant melanoma	Cycle: 21 days
Regimen:	Cisplatin	20 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–5
	Vinblastine	1.6 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–3
	Dacarbazine	800 mg/m²	IV	Day 1

CVI (VIC)
Use:	Lung cancer (non-small cell)	Cycle: 28 days
Regimen:	Carboplatin	300 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Etoposide	60–100 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 3, 5
	Ifosfamide	1.5 g/m²	IV	Days 1, 3, 5
	Mesna	400 mg	IV bolus	Days 1, 3, 5 (then 1600 mg over 24 h)

CVP
Use:	Lymphoma (non-Hodgkin’s), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)	Cycle: 21 days
Regimen:	Cyclophosphamide	400 mg/m²	PO	Days 1–5
	Vincristine	1.4 mg/m² (2 mg maximum dose)	IV	Day 1
	Prednisone	100 mg/m²/day	PO	Days 1–5

CVPP
Use:	Lymphoma (Hodgkin’s)	Cycle: 28 days
Regimen:	Lomustine	75 mg/m²/day	PO	Day 1
	Vinblastine	4 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 8
	Procarbazine	100 mg/m²	PO	Days 1–14
	Prednisone	30 mg/m²	PO	Days 1–14 (cycles 1 and 4 only)

CYVADIC
Use:	Sarcoma (bony or soft tissue)	Cycle: 21 days
Regimen:	Cyclophosphamide	400–600 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Vincristine	1.4 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 5
	Doxorubicin	40–50 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Dacarbazine	200–250 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–5

DA**
Use:	Acute myelocytic leukemia (AML; induction)
Regimen:	Daunorubicin	45–60 mg/m²/day	CI	Days 1–3
	Cytarabine	100 mg/m²	IV	Every 12 h for 5 to 7 days

DAL
Use:	Acute myelocytic leukemia (AML; induction)
Regimen:	Cytarabine	3 g/m²	Every 12 h	Days 1–3
	Daunorubicin	45 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 2
	Asparaginase	6000 units/m²	IV	Day 3 (usually alternated with DAT)

DAT**
Use:	Acute myelocytic leukemia (AML; induction)
Regimen:	Daunorubicin	45 mg/m²/day	CI	Days 1–3
	Cytarabine	100 mg/m²/day	CI	Days 1–7
	Thioguanine	100 mg/m²/day	PO	Days 1–7

DAV**
Use:	Acute myelocytic leukemia (AML; induction)
Regimen:	Daunorubicin	30 mg/m²/day	CI	Days 1–3
	Cytarabine	250 mg/m²/day	CI	Days 1–5
	Etoposide	200 mg/m²/day	CI	Days 5–7

DCT (DAT, TAD)
Use:	Acute myelocytic leukemia (AML; adult induction)
Regimen:	Daunorubicin	60 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–3
	Cytarabine	200 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–5
	Thioguanine	100 mg/m²	PO (every 12 h)	Days 1–5

DHAP
Use:	Lymphoma (Hodgkin’s)	Cycle: 21–28 days
Regimen:	Cisplatin	100 mg/m²	CI (over 24 h)	Day 1
	Cytarabine	2 g/m²	IV (every 12 h for 2 doses) (total dose 4 g/m²)	Day 2
	Dexamethasone	40 mg/day	PO or IV	Days 1–4

DI
Use:	Sarcoma (soft tissue)	Cycle: 21 days
Regimen:	Doxorubicin	50 mg/m²	CI	Day 1
	Ifosfamide	5 g/m²	CI	Day 1
	Mesna	600 mg/m² (IV bolus, then 2.5 g/m²/day)	CI

DVP
Use:	Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL; adult induction)
Regimen:	Daunorubicin	45 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–3 and 14
	Vincristine	2 mg	IV	Weekly for 4 weeks for 28–35 days
	Prednisone	45 mg/m²/day	PO	Weekly for 4 weeks for 28–35 days

DVP**
Use:	Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL; pediatric induction)
Regimen:	Daunorubicin	25 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 8
	Vincristine	1.5 mg/m² (2 mg maximum dose)	IV	Days 1, 8, 15, 22
	Prednisone	40 mg/m²/day	PO	Days 1–29

EAP
Use:	Gastric, small bowel cancer	Cycle: 21–28 days
Regimen:	Etoposide	120 mg/m²	IV	Days 4–6
	Doxorubicin	20 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 7
	Cisplatin	40 mg/m²	IV	Days 2, 8

EC
Use:	Lung cancer (small cell)	Cycle: 28 days
Regimen:	Etoposide	60–100 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–3
	with
	Carboplatin	400 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	or
	Carboplatin	100–125 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–3

EDAP
Use:	Multiple myeloma
Regimen:	Etoposide	100–200 mg/m²	CI	Days 1–4
	Dexamethasone	40 mg/m²	IV or PO	Days 1–5
	Cytarabine	1000 mg	IV	Day 5
	Cisplatin	20 mg	CI	Days 1–4

EFP
Use:	Gastric, small bowel cancer	Cycle: 24–28 days
Regimen:	Etoposide	90 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 3, 5
	Fluorouracil	900 mg/m²/day	CI	Days 1–5
	Cisplatin	20 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–5

ELF
Use:	Gastric cancer	Cycle: 21 to 28 days
Regimen:	Etoposide	120 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–3
	Leucovorin	150–300 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–3
	Fluorouracil	500 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–3

EMA 86
Use:	Acute myelocytic leukemia (AML; adult induction)
Regimen:	Mitoxantrone	12 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–3
	Etoposide	200 mg/m²/day	CI	Days 8–10
	Cytarabine	500 mg/m²/day	CI	Days 1–3 and 8–10

EP
Use:	Adenocarcinoma, small cell lung cancer	Cycle: 21 days
Regimen:	Etoposide	75–100 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–3
	Cisplatin	75–100 mg/m²	IV	Day 1

ESHAP
Use:	Lymphoma (non-Hodgkin’s)	Cycle: 21–28 days
Regimen:	Methylprednisolone	500 mg/day	IV	Days 1–4
	Etoposide	40–60 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–4
	Cytarabine	2 g/m²	IV	Day 5
	Cisplatin	25 mg/m²/day	CI	Days 1–4

EVA
Use:	Lymphoma (Hodgkin’s)	Cycle: 21–28 days
Regimen:	Etoposide	100 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–3
	Vinblastine	6 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Doxorubicin	50 mg/m²	IV	Day 1

FAC
Use:	Breast cancer	Cycle: 21 days
Regimen:	Fluorouracil	500 mg/m²	IV	Day 1 and bolus on days 4, 5, 8
	Doxorubicin	50 mg/m² (total dose)	CI	Over 48–96 h starting day 1
	Cyclophosphamide	500 mg/m²	IV	Day 1

FAM
Use:	Adenocarcinoma, gastric cancer	Cycle: 8 weeks
Regimen:	Fluorouracil	600 mg/m²/day	IV	Days 1, 8, 29, 36
	Doxorubicin	30 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 29
	Mitomycin	10 mg/m²	IV	Day 1

FAMe
Use:	Gastric cancer	Cycle: 10 weeks
Regimen:	Fluorouracil	350 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–5 and 36–40
	Doxorubicin	40 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 36
	Semustine	150 mg/m²	PO	Day 1

FAMTX
Use:	Gastric cancer	Cycle: 28 days
Regimen:	Fluorouracil	1.5 g/m²	IV	Day 1
	Doxorubicin	30 mg/m²	IV	Day 15
	Methotrexate	1.5 g/m²	IV	Day 1
	Leucovorin	20–25 mg	PO	Every 6 h for 8 doses, 24 h after MTX

FAP
Use:	Gastric	Cycle: 5 weeks
Regimen:	Fluorouracil	300 mg/²	IV	Days 1–5
	Doxorubicin	40 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Cisplatin	60 mg/m²	IV	Day 1

FCE
Use:	Gastric	Cycle: 21 days
Regimen:	Fluorouracil	900 mg/m²	IV/CI	Days 1–5
	Cisplatin	20 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–5
	Etoposide	90 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 3, 5

F-CL(FU/LV)
Use:	Colorectal cancer	Cycle: 4–8 weeks
Regimen:	Fluorouracil	600 mg/m²	IV	Weekly for 6 weeks
	Leucovorin	500 mg/m²	IV	Weekly for 6 weeks
	or
	Fluorouracil	370–600 mg/m²	IV or Cl	Days 1–5
	Leucovorin	200 mg/m²	IV or Cl	Days 1–5

FEP
Use:	Lung cancer (non-small cell)	Cycle: 21 days
Regimen:	Fluorouracil	960 mg/m²	Cl	Days 2–4
	Etoposide	80 mg/m²	IV	Days 2–4
	Cisplatin	100 mg/m²	IV	Day 1

FL
Use:	Prostate cancer	Cycle: 28 days
Regimen:	Flutamide	250 mg	PO	Every 8 h
	with
	Leuprolide acetate	1 mg	SC	Daily
	or
	Leuprolide depot	7.5 mg	IM	Every 28 days

FLe
Use:	Colorectal cancer
Regimen:	Fluorouracil	450 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–5 and day 28 weekly for 48 weeks
	Levamisole	50 mg	PO	Every 8 h days 1–3 every 2 weeks for 1 year

FU/LV—see F-CL FZ
Use:	Prostate cancer	Cycle: 28 days
Regimen:	Flutamide	250 mg	PO	Every 8 h
	Goserelin acetate	3.6 mg implant	SC	Every 28 days

HDMTX
Use:	Sarcoma (bony)	Cycle: 2–4 weeks
Regimen:	Methotrexate	8–12 g/m² (20 g maximum dose)	IV	Day 1
	Leucovorin	15 mg/m²	PO or IV	Every 6 h for 10 doses, 30 h after beginning of 4-h methotrexate infusion

ICE—see MICE IE
Use:	Sarcoma (soft tissue)	Cycle: 21 days
Regimen:	Ifosfamide	1.8 g/m²	IV	Days 1–5
	Etoposide	100 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–5
	Mesna	20% of ifosfamide prior to, then 4 and 8 h after ifosfamide

IfoVP
Use:	Sarcoma (osteo, pediatric)
Regimen:	Ifosfamide	2 g/m²	IV	Days 1–3
	Etoposide	100 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–3
	Mesna	2 g/m²	IV	Days 1–3

M-2
Use:	Multiple myeloma	Cycle: 5 weeks
Regimen:	Vincristine	0.03 mg/kg (2 mg maximum dose)	IV	Day 1
	Carmustine	0.5–1 mg/kg	IV	Day 1
	Cyclophosphamide	10 mg/kg	IV	Day 1
	Melphalan	0.25 mg/kg/day	PO	Days 1–4
	Prednisone	1 mg/kg/day	PO	Days 1–7, then tapered over next 14 days

MACOP-B
Use:	Lymphoma (non-Hodgkin’s)
Regimen:	Methotrexate	400 mg/m²	IV	Weeks 2, 6, 10
	Leucovorin	15 mg/m²	PO	Every 6 h for 6 doses, 24 h after MTX
	Doxorubicin	50 mg/m²	IV	Weeks 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11
	Cyclophosphamide	350 mg/m²	IV	Weeks 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11
	Vincristine	1.4 mg/m²	IV	Weeks 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12
	Bleomycin	10 units/m²	IV	Weeks 4, 8, 12
	Prednisone	75 mg/m²	PO for 12 weeks, tapered over last 2 weeks

MAID
Use:	Sarcoma (soft tissue, bony)	Cycle: 21–28 days
Regimen:	Mesna	1.5–2.5 g/m²	CI	Days 1–4
	Doxorubicin	15–20 mg/m²	CI	Days 1–3
	Ifosfamide	1.5–2.5 g/m²	CI	Days 1–3
	Dacarbazine	250–300 mg/m²/day	CI	Days 1–3

m-BACOD
Use:	Lymphoma (non-Hodgkin’s)	Cycle: 28 days
Regimen:	Methotrexate	200 mg/²	IV	Days 8, 15 h
	Leucovorin	10 mg/²	PO	Every 6 h for 8 doses, 24 h after MTX
	Bleomycin	4 units/m²	IV	Day 1
	Doxorubicin	45 mg/²	IV	Day 1
	Cyclophosphamide	600 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Vincristine	1 mg/m² (2 mg maximum dose)	IV	Day 1
	Dexamethasone	6 mg/m²	PO	Days 1–5

M-BACOD
	See m-BACOD, except methotrexate 3 g/m²		IV	Day 14

MBC
Use:	Head and neck cancer	Cycle: 21 days
Regimen:	Methotrexate	40 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–15
	Bleomycin	10 units/m²	IM	Days 1, 8, 15
	Cisplatin	50 mg/²	IV	Day 4

MC
Use:	Acute myelocytic leukemia (AML; adult induction)	Cycle: 28 days
Regimen:	Mitoxantrone	12 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–3
	Cytarabine	100–200 mg/m²/day	Cl	Days 1–7

MF
Use:	Breast cancer	Cycle: 28 days
Regimen:	Methotrexate	100 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–8
	Fluorouracil	600 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 8, given 1 h after MTX
	Leucovorin	10 mg/m²	IV or PO	Every 6 h for 6 doses, 24 h after MTX

MICE (ICE)
Use:	Sarcoma, lung cancer	Cycle: 28 days
Regimen:	Mesna uroprotection at 20% of ifosfamide doses given by IV immediately before and at 4 and 8 h after ifosfamide infusion
	Ifosfamide	2 g/m²	IV	Days 1–3
	Carboplatin	300–600 mg/m²	IV	Day 1 or 3
	Etoposide	60–100 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–3

MINE-ESHAP
Use:	Lymphoma (Hodgkin’s)	Cycle: 21 days
Regimen:	Mesna	1.33 g/m²	IV	Days 1–3
	Mesna	500 mg	PO	Four hours after ifosfamide
	Ifosfamide	1.33 g/m²	IV	Day 1–3
	Mitoxantrone	8 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Etoposide	65 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–3 Repeat for 6 cycles, then give ESHAP for 3–6 cycles

mini-BEAM
Use:	Lymphoma (Hodgkin’s)	Cycle: 4–7 weeks
Regimen:	Carmustine	60 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Etoposide	75 mg/m²	IV	Days 2–5
	Cytarabine	100 mg/m²	IV	Every 12 h, days 2–5
	Melphalan	30 mg/m²	IV	Day 6

MIV
Use:	Lymphoma (non-Hodgkin’s)	Cycle: 21 days
Regimen:	Mitoxantrone	10 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Ifosfamide	1.5 g/m²	IV	Days 1–3 with mesna
	Etoposide	150 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–3

MOP
Use:	Brain tumors, pediatrics
Regimen:	See MOPP without prednisone

MOPP
Use:	Lymphoma (Hodgkin’s)	Cycle: 28 days
Regimen:	Mechlorethamine	6 mg/m²	IV	Days 1 and 8
	Vincristine	1.4 mg/m² (2 mg maximum dose)	IV	Days 1 and 8
	Procarbazine	100 mg/m²/day	PO	Days 1–14
	Prednisone	40 mg/m²/day	PO	Days 1–14

MOPP/ABV
Use:	Lymphoma (Hodgkin’s)	Cycle: 28 days
Regimen:	Mechlorethamine	6 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Vincristine	1.4 mg/m² (2 mg maximum dose)	IV	Day 1
	Procarbazine	100 mg/m²/day	PO	Days 1–7
	Prednisone	40 mg/m²/day	PO	Days 1–14
	Bleomycin	10 units/m²	IV	Day 8
	Vinblastine	6 mg/m²	IV	Day 8
	Doxorubicin	35 mg/m²	IV	Day 8

MOPP/ABVD
Use:	Lymphoma (Hodgkin’s)
Regimen:	Alternate MoP and ABVD regimens every month

MP
Use:	Multiple myeloma	Cycle: 28 days
Regimen:	Melphalan	8–10 mg/m²/day	PO	Days 1–4
	Prednisone	40–60 mg/m²/day	PO	Days 1–7

m-PFL
Use:	Bladder cancer	Cycle: 28 days for 4 cycles
Regimen:	Methotrexate	60 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Cisplatin	25 mg/m²	CI	Days 2–6
	Fluorouracil	800 mg/m²	CI	Days 2–6
	Calcium leucovorin	500 mg/m²	CI	Days 2–6

MVAC
Use:	Bladder cancer	Cycle: 28 days
Regimen:	Methotrexate	30 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 15, 22
	Doxorubicin	30 mg/m²	IV	Day 2
	Vinblastine	3 mg/m²	IV	Days 2, 15, 22
	Cisplatin	70 mg/m²	IV	Day 2

MVP
Use:	Lung cancer (non-small cell)
Regimen:	Mitomycin	8 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 29, 71
	Vinblastine	4.5 mg/m²	IV	Days 15, 22, 29, then every 2 weeks
	Cisplatin	120 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 29, then every 6 weeks

MVPP
Use:	Hodgkin’s disease	Cycle: 4–6 weeks
Regimen:	Mechlorethamine (nitrogen mustard)	6 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 8
	Vinblastine	6 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 8
	Procarbazine	100 mg/m²	PO	Days 1–14
	Prednisone	40 mg/m²	PO	Days 1–14

MTXCP-PDAdr**
Use:	Osteosarcoma
Regimen:	Methotrexate	12 gm/m²	IV	Weekly for 2–12 weeks
	Calcium leucovorin rescue	15 mg/m²	PO/IV	Every 6 h for 10 doses beginning h 30 after the beginning of the 4-h methotrexate infusion (serum methotrexate levels must be monitored)
	Cisplatin	100 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Doxorubicin	37.5 mg/m²	IV	Days 2, 3

MTXCP-PDAdrl**
Use:	Osteosarcoma
Regimen:	Methotrexate	12 gm/m²	IV	Weekly for 2–12 weeks
	Calcium lecovorin rescue	15 mg/m²	PO/IV	Every 6 h for 10 doses beginning h 30 after the beginning of the 4-h methotrexate infusion (serum methotrexate levels must be monitored)
	Cisplatin	100 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Doxorubicin	37.5 mg/m²	IV	Days 2, 3
	Ifosfamide	1.6 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–5

NFL
Use:	Breast cancer	Cycle: 21 days
Regimen:	Mitoxantrone	12 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Calcium leucovorin	300 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–3
	Fluorouracil or	350 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–3 given after calcium leucovorin
	Mitoxantrone	10 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Calcium leucovorin	100 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–3
	Fluorouracil	1000 mg/m²	Cl	Days 1–3 given after leucovorin

NOVP
Use:	Hodgkin’s lymphoma	Cycle: 21 days
Regimen:	Mitoxantrone	10 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Vincristine	2 mg/m²	IV	Day 8
	Vinblastine	6 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Prednisone	100 mg/m²	PO	Days 1–5

NP
Use:	Lung cancer (non-small cell)	Cycle: 6 weeks
Regimen:	Vinorelbine	30 mg/m²	IV	Every week
	Cisplatin	120 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 29, then every 6 weeks

OPA**
Use:	Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Regimen:	Vincristine	1.5 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 8, 15
	Prednisone	60 mg/m²	PO	Days 1–15
	Doxorubicin	40 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 15

OPPA**
Use:	Hodgkin’s lymphoma	Cycle: 28 days
Regimen:	Vincristine	1.5 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 8, 15
	Procarbazine	100 mg/m²	PO	Days 1–15
	Prednisone	60 mg/m²	PO	Days 1–15
	Doxorubicin	40 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 15

PAC
Use:	Ovarian, endometrial cancer	Cycle: 21–28 days
Regimen:	Cisplatin	50–60 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Doxorubicin	45–50 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Cyclophosphamide	600 mg/m²	IV	Day 1

PC
Use:	Lung cancer (non-small cell)	Cycle: 21 days
Regimen:	Paclitaxel	135 mg/m²/day	IV	Day 1
	Carboplatin	dose by Calvert equation to AUC 7.5		Day 1

PCV
Use:	Brain tumor	Cycle: 6–8 weeks
Regimen:	Lomustine	110 mg/m²/day	PO	Day 1
	Procarbazine	60 mg/m²/day	PO	Days 8–21
	Vincristine	1.4 mg/m² (2 mg maximum dose)	IV	Days 8–29

PFL
Use:	Head and neck, gastric, non-small cell	Cycle: 28 days
Regimen:	Cisplatin	25 mg/m²/day	Cl	Days 1–5
	Fluorouracil	800 mg/m²/day	CI	Days 2–5 or 6
	Leucovorin	500 mg/m²/day	CI	Days 1–5 or 6
		or
	Cisplatin	100 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Fluorouracil	800 mg/m²	CI	Days 1–5
	Calcium leucovorin	100 mg	PO q4h	Days 1–5

PFL+IFN
Use:	Head and neck cancer	Cycle: 28 days
Regimen:	Cisplatin	100 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Fluorouracil	640 mg/m²	Cl	Days 1–5
	Calcium leucovorin	100 mg	PO (every 4 h)	Days 1–5
	Interferon-alfa-2b	2 × 10⁶ units/m²	SC	Days 1–6

POC**
Use:	Brain tumors	Cycle: 6 weeks
Regimen:	Prednisone	40 mg/m²	PO	Days 1–14
	Methyl-CCNU	100 mg/m²	PO	Day 2
	Vincristine	1.5 mg/m² (2 mg maximum dose)		Days 1, 8, 15

ProMACE/cytaBOM
Use:	Lymphoma (non-Hodgkin’s)	Cycle: 21 days
Regimen:	Prednisone	60 mg/m²	PO	Days 1–14
	Doxorubicin	25 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Cyclophosphamide	650 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Etoposide	120 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Cytarabine	300 mg/m²	IV	Day 8
	Bleomycin	5 units/m²	IV	Day 8
	Vincristine	1.4 mg/m² (2 mg maximum dose)	IV	Day 8
	Methotrexate	120 mg/m²	IV	Day 8
	Leucovorin	25 mg/m²	PO q6 h for 6 doses, 24 h after MTX

ProMACE
Use:	Lymphoma (non-Hodgkin’s)	Cycle: 28 days
Regimen:	Prednisone	60 mg/m²	PO	Days 1–14
	Methotrexate	1.5 mg/m²	IV	Day 14
	Leucovorin	50 mg/m²	PO	Every 6 h for 6 doses 24 h after MTX
	Doxorubicin	25 mg/m²	PO	Days 1, 8
	Cyclophosphamide	650 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 8
	Etoposide	120 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 8

ProMACE/MOPP
Use:	Lymphoma (Hodgkin’s)	Cycle: 28 days
Regimen:	Repeat ProMACE for prescribed cycles, then begin MOPP cycles

PVB
Use:	Testicular cancer, adenocarcinoma	Cycle: 21–28 days
Regimen:	Cisplatin	20 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–5
	Vinblastine	0.15–0.4 mg/kg	IV	Day 1 (± day 2)
	Bleomycin	30 units	IV	Day 1 or day 2 weekly

PVDA**
Use:	Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL; induction)
Regimen:	Add to VDA: Prednisone	40 mg/m²/day	PO	Days 1–29

PVP-16
Use:	Lung (non-small cell)	Cycle: 21–28 days
Regimen:	Cisplatin	60–120 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Etoposide	50–120 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–3

STANFORD V
Use:	Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Regimen:	Mechlorethamine	6 mg/m²	IV	Weeks 1, 5, 9
	Doxorubicin	25 mg/m²	IV	Weeks 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11
	Vinblastine	6 mg/m²	IV	Weeks 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11
	Vincristine	1.4 mg/m² (2 mg maximum dose)	IV	Weeks 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12
	Bleomycin	5 units/m²	IV	Weeks 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12
	Etoposide	60 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–2 on weeks 3, 7, 11
	Prednisone	40 mg/m²	PO	Every other day, tapered over last 15 days

VAC PULSE
Use:	Sarcoma
Regimen:	Vincristine	2 mg/m² (2 mg maximum)	IV	Weekly for 12 weeks
	Dactinomycin	0.015 mg/kg	IV	Days 1–5, weeks 1, 13
	Cyclophosphamide	10 mg/kg	IV or PO	For 7 days, repeat every 6 weeks

VAC STANDARD
Use:	Sarcoma (soft tissue)
Regimen:	Vincristine	2 mg/m² (2 mg/week maximum dose)	IV	Weekly for 12 weeks
	Dactinomycin	0.015 mg/kg (0.5 mg/day maximum dose)	IV	Days 1–5, every 3 months
	Cyclophosphamide	2.5 mg/kg/day	PO	Daily for 2 years

VACAdr-IfoVP**
Use:	Sarcoma (bony and soft tissue)
Regimen:	Vincristine	1.5 mg/m² (2 mg maximum dose)	IV	Days 1, 8, 15
	Dactinomycin	1.5 mg/kg (2 mg maximum dose)	IV	Every other week
	Doxorubicin	60 mg/m²	CI	Day 1
	Cyclophosphamide	1–1.5 g/m²	IV	Day 1
	Ifosfamide	1–6.2 g/m²	IV	Days 1–5
	Etoposide	150 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–5
	(vincristine + dactinomycin alternating with either doxorubicin + cyclophosphamide or ifosfamide + etoposide)

VAdrC**
Use:	Sarcoma (bony and soft tissue)
Regimen:	Vincristine	1.5 mg/m² (2 mg maximum dose)	IV	Days 1, 8, 15
	Doxorubicin	35–60 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Cyclophosphamide	500–1000 mg/m²	IV	Day 1

VAD
Use:	Wilms’ tumor (pediatrics)	Cycle: Repeat for a total of 6 months
Regimen:	Vincristine	1.5 mg/m² (2 mg maximum dose)	IV	Weekly for 10 weeks
	with
	Dactinomycin	0.45 mg/kg		Every 3 weeks
	alternating with
	Doxorubicin	30 mg/m²	IV	Every 3 weeks
Use:	Multiple myeloma, leukemia	Cycle: 4–5 weeks
Regimen:	Vincristine	0.4 mg/m²/day (2 mg maximum dose)	Cl	Days 1–4
	Doxorubicin	9–12 mg/m²/day	Cl	Days 1–4
	Dexamethasone	20 mg/m²	PO	Days 1–4, 9–12, 17–20

VATH
Use:	Breast cancer	Cycle: 21 days
Regimen:	Vinblastine	4.5 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Doxorubicin	45 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Thiotepa	12 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Fluoxymestrone	30 mg/day	PO	Daily

VBAP
Use:	Multiple myeloma	Cycle: 21 days
Regimen:	Vincristine	1 mg/m² (2 mg maximum dose)	IV	Day 1
	Carmustine	30 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Doxorubicin	30 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Prednisone	60 mg/m²/day	PO	Days 1–4

VC
Use:	Lung cancer (non-small cell)	Cycle: 6 weeks
Regimen:	Vinorelbine	30 mg/m²	IV	Weekly
	Cisplatin	120 mg/m²	PO	Days 1, 29

VCAP
Use:	Multiple myeloma	Cycle: 28 days
Regimen:	Vincristine	1 mg/m² (2 mg maximum dose)	IV	Day 1
	Cyclophosphamide	100–125 mg/m²/day	PO	Days 1–4
	Doxorubicin	25–30 mg/m²	IV	Day 2
	Prednisone	60 mg/m²	PO	Days 1–4

VDA**
Use:	Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL; induction)
Regimen:	Vincristine	1.5 mg/m² (2 mg maximum dose)	IV	Days 1, 8, 15, 22
	Daunorubicin	25 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 8
	Asparaginase	10,000 units/m²	IM	Days 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 17, 19

VDP
Use:	Malignant melanoma	Cycle: 21–28 days
Regimen:	Vinblastine	5 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 2
	Dacarbazine	150 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–5
	Cisplatin	75 mg/m²	IV	Day 5

VIP
Use:	Testicular cancer	Cycle: 21 days
Regimen:	Vinblastine	0.11 mg/kg	IV	Days 1–2
	or
	Etoposide	75 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–5
	with
	Ifosfamide	1.2 g/m²	Cl	Days 1–5
	Cisplatin	20 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–5
	Mesna	400 mg/m²	IV	Day 1 (15 min pre-ifosfamide)
	Mesna	1.2 gm/m²	Cl	Days 1–5

VIP-1
Use:	Lung cancer	Cycle: 28 days
Regimen:	Ifosfamide	1.2 g/m²	IV	Days 1–4 with mesna
	Cisplatin	20 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–4
	Etoposide	37.5 mg/m²	Cl	Days 1–21

VIP-2
Use:	Lung cancer (non-small cell)	Cycle: 28 days
Regimen:	Ifosfamide	1–1.2 g/m²	IV	Day 1 with mesna
	Cisplatin	100 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 8
	Etoposide	60–75 mg/m²/day	IV	Days 1–3

VM
Use:	Breast cancer	Cycle: 6–8 weeks
Regimen:	Mitomycin	10 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 28 for 2 cycles, then day 1 only
	Vinblastine	5 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 14, 28, 42 for 2 cycles, then days 1, 21 only

V-TAD
Use:	Acute myelocytic leukemia (AML; induction)
Regimen:	Etoposide	50 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–3
	Thioguanine	75 mg/m²	PO	Days 1–5 Every 12 h
	Daunorubicin	20 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 2
	Cytarabine	75 mg/m²/day	Cl	Days 1–5

5 + 2
Use:	Acute myelocytic leukemia (AML; reinduction)
Regimen:	Cytarabine	100–200 mg/m²/day	Cl	Days 1–5
	with
	Daunorubicin	45 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 2
	or
	Mitoxantrone	12 mg/m²	IV	Days 1, 2

7 + 3
Use:	AML (induction)
Regimen:	Cytarabine	100–200 mg/m²	Cl	Days 1–7
	with
	Daunorubicin	30–45 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–3
	or
	Idarubicin	12 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–3
	or
	Mitoxantrone	12 mg/m²	IV	Days 1–3

“8 IN 1”
Use:	Brain tumors
Regimen:	Methylprednisone	300 mg/m²	PO	Day 1
	Vincristine	1.5 mg/m² (2 mg maximum dose)	IV	Day 1
	Methyl-CCNU	75 mg/m²	PO	Day 1
	Procarbazine	75 mg/m²	PO	Day 1
	Hydroxyurea	1.5–3.0 g/m²	PO	Day 1
	Cisplatin	60–90 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Cytarabine	300 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	Cyclophosphamide	300 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
	or
	Dacarbazine	150 mg/m²	IV	Day 1
** Pediatric use

Adapted with permission from Facts and Comparisons (2000), St. Louis, Missouri.