Outcomes
Illustrative comparative risksa (95% CI)
Relative effect (95% CI)
Number of participants (studies)
Quality of evidence (GRADE)
Assumed risk
Corresponding risk
Open distal pancreatectomy
Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy
Short-term mortality
10 per 1,000
5 per 1,000 (1–22)
OR 0.48 (0.11–2.17)
1,451 (9 studies)
⊕ Very lowb, c
Long-term mortality
Follow-up: 2–3 years
549 per 1,000
535 per 1,000 (480–590)
HR 0.96 (0.82 to 1.12)
277 (3 studies)
⊕ Very lowb, d
Serious adverse events (proportion)
51 per 1,000
88 per 1,000 (28–247)
OR 1.79 (0.53–6.06)
206 (3 studies)
⊕ Very lowb, c, d
Pancreatic fistula (grade B or C)
66 per 1,000
77 per 1,000 (32–175)
OR 1.19 (0.47–3.02)
246 (4 studies)
⊕ Very lowb, c, d, e
Recurrence at maximal follow-up
495 per 1,000
363 per 1,000 (239–507)
OR 0.58 (0.32–1.05)
184 (2 studies)
⊕ Very lowb, c, d
Adverse events (proportion)
328 per 1,000
317 per 1,000 (209–448)
OR 0.95 (0.54–1.66)
246 (4 studies)
⊕ Very lowb, c, d
Length of hospital stay
Mean length of hospital stay in the control groups was 9.4 days
Mean length of hospital stay in the intervention groups was 2.43 lower (3.13–1.73 lower)
1,068 (5 studies)
⊕ Very lowb
Positive resection margins 184
184 per 1000
143 per 1,000 (99–198)
OR 0.74 (0.49–1.10)
1,466 (10 studies)
⊕ Very lowb, c
In this chapter, we will describe current situation of the laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy for pancreatic cancer.
26.1 Operative Techniques
When distal pancreatectomy is performed in benign disease or low-grade borderline malignancy, splenic preservation is usually recommended. There is a report from Memorial Sloan Kettering Center that the patient group with splenectomy has higher morbidity than non-splenectomy group in open distal pancreatectomy [2]. And spleen has a role in immunology, and there may be a possibility of post-splenectomy sepsis when spleen was removed. There are two methods of preserving the spleen, one is splenic vessel preserving method and another is splenic vessel sacrificing method (Warshaw technique). Splenic vessel preserving operation is associated with less complication associated with splenic infarction. However, this procedure is technically more demanding than splenic vessel sacrificing operation. Even after preservation of the splenic vessels, the patency of the vessels may not last long enough. There has been report on high incidence of the splenic venous obstruction compared to open surgery on long-term follow-up of the splenic vessel-preserved patients [3]. Subsequent multi-institutional studies showed that this higher rate of splenic vein patency may be related with technical inadequacy in early period of surgeon’s experiences [4]. When preserving splenic vessels is difficult or splenic vessels are injured during operation, Warshaw technique is a useful option. Warshaw technique is easy to perform compared to splenic vessel saving surgery with the advantages of preserving the spleen.