Ethical Considerations for the Driver with Dementia



Fig. 7.1
Algorithm for determining driving decision-making for an older person with dementia. Adapted from Bloedow and Adler [35]. Boxes indicate key components and sequence of decision points in the driving decision-making process, and arrows indicate the direction of flow to the next step



A driving history can be taken in a physician’s or other provider’s office, in a hospital room, or at an older adult’s home. It can be conducted by a physician, a social worker, or other health-care provider [36]. A driving history should include questions about driving habits including frequency, distance, circumstances of travel, and familiarity with roadways used. Inquiries about unsafe driving, such as driving at inappropriate speeds, becoming lost in familiar areas, and a history of accidents or near misses, must also be made. When possible, it is important that the physician or other provider obtain permission from the driver to speak with someone familiar with his/her driving as drivers may lack insight into their limitations or be reluctant to report any problems. If the driving history suggests concern, further evaluation is needed unless the driver indicates that he or she will discontinue driving. A report could be filed with the DMV for reexamination or, if available and the driver agrees, a referral to a driver rehabilitation specialist (DRS) could be placed.

A DRS is an occupational therapist or kineseotherapist with specialized training to assess driving abilities [37]. The DRS conducts a clinical evaluation and, if appropriate, an on-road assessment. Evaluations vary but typically include interviews with the driver and his/her family, some type of cognitive or functional evaluation, vision testing, and rules of the road/sign identification test. Drivers who pass the clinical evaluation, indicating that core abilities meet minimum state licensing standards for vision, cognition, and physical ability, can move on to behind-the-wheel evaluation. The DRS usually provides immediate feedback after the assessment. The DRS can share information about medically correctable interventions, offer driving cessation counseling, and, upon request, will periodically reassess the older adult’s driving. The DRS will also send a report to the patient’s provider, who may then schedule a follow-up visit to share results and recommendations [24, 38, 39]. A social worker, when available, may join this meeting along with the DRS.

Even if the assessment reveals that the patient is a safe driver, discussions about driving modification and cessation should be regularly revisited. Suggestions for modification can include driving only in familiar areas, avoiding heavy traffic, avoiding driving at night and in bad weather, not driving alone, and driving less altogether, relying more on others for transportation. If the assessment reveals that the patient is an unsafe driver, the driver should receive encouragement to voluntarily stop driving. If the driver has been referred to the DMV or advised to quit driving, his or her compliance with the recommendations needs to be confirmed, reinforcing the notion that these recommendations were made as a matter of safety for both the driver and the public. When possible, the family should be involved so that they can support the recommendation and help create a transportation plan.

Some drivers will insist upon driving, even when they have been advised to stop or have had their license revoked. As last-resort efforts, disabling the car, hiding the keys, moving the car to another location, or selling the vehicle may be necessary. A discussion of risk and insurance ramifications can also sometimes persuade the driver to quit. Meeting with an authority figure or someone the driver admired is another approach. Families should be encouraged to try different strategies to find one that works best in their situation. Often support and input from family, physicians, and the DMV are needed for restrictions to be successful.


Conclusion

Finding acceptable solutions for the matters associated with the older driver with dementia necessarily involves the cooperative efforts of patients, physicians, other providers, families, and government agencies. It is a challenge that often does not have a simple answer since the solution that benefits one may not benefit all or, in all likelihood, might adversely affect the other. In addition, because of the progressive nature of dementia, driving discussions should be ongoing and require revisiting as the disease progresses. Since there is currently not a definitive “gold standard” for determining fitness to drive, physicians have to make decisions based on their clinical judgment. Although most can agree that there is a point that a patient is unequivocally unable to safely continue to drive and that recommending driving cessation is absolutely necessary for the sake of patient and public safety, all too often decisions must be made when the best solution is not so clear. Because driving is such an integral part of our culture and quite often essential for obtaining even the most basic needs, many view it as a right rather than a privilege. In addition, a patient does have the right to privacy and confidentiality with regard to his/her relationship with his/her physician. It is this concept that poses one of the greatest ethical dilemmas for physicians and other health-care providers who care for an older driver with dementia as they must balance confidentiality with safety of the patient and public.


Practical Pearls







































































Common driving errors

 Becoming lost in familiar locations

 Decreased comprehension of road signs

 Difficulty with lane positioning

 Problems making turns

Warning signs of unsafe driving

 Drives too slowly or too fast

 Stops in traffic for no reason or ignores traffic signs

 Becomes lost on familiar routes

 Has poor judgment

 Has difficulty with turns, lane changes, or freeway exits

 Drifts into other lanes of traffic or drives on the wrong side of the street

 Signals incorrectly or does not signal

 Relies on a copilot for driving instructions

 Has difficulty seeing pedestrians, objects, or other vehicles

 Falls asleep while driving or becomes drowsy

 Parks inappropriately

 Has frequent traffic violations or episodes of being pulled over by law enforcement

 Is nervous or irritated when driving

 Has accidents, near misses, fender benders, or unexplained dents and scratches on the vehicle

 Has a family member that will not ride with driver or allow other relatives to ride with the driver

Recommended driving modifications

 Driving only in familiar areas

 Avoiding heavy traffic

 Avoiding driving at night and in bad weather

 Not driving alone

 Driving less altogether

Last-resort efforts

 Disabling the car

 Hiding the keys

 Moving the car to another location

 Selling the vehicle


Jul 2, 2017 | Posted by in GERIATRICS | Comments Off on Ethical Considerations for the Driver with Dementia

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