Bronchitis

Droplet Precautions

Contact Precautions

Bronchitis is inflammation of the lining of the bronchi and may be acute or chronic. Acute bronchitis usually lasts 7 to 10 days, although the patient may have a lingering cough for several weeks or months. Chronic bronchitis is characterized by a productive cough that lasts at least 3 months each year for 2 consecutive years; this form of infection requires early detection and treatment in order to improve the chance for a good outcome. Those with advanced disease have a poor chance for recovery.

Causes

Acute bronchitis usually follows a viral respiratory infection, although it can have a bacterial source as well. Those at risk for acute bronchitis include elderly people and young children, people with heart or lung disease, and smokers. Chronic bronchitis is also known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and is attributed to a long history of smoking. Tobacco smoke is the cause of chronic bronchitis in almost 80% of cases. (See Lung changes in bronchitis.)

Both types of bronchitis are made worse by air pollution, allergies, infections, and certain occupations (such as mining).

Complications

Pneumonia can develop with either acute or chronic bronchitis. Repeated bouts of bronchitis may signal the development of a lung disorder, such as asthma or chronic bronchitis. Patients with chronic bronchitis may develop emphysema, cor pulmonale, or pulmonary hypertension.

Assessment Findings

Both types of bronchitis have similar symptoms, which include general malaise, headache, chest discomfort, a productive cough, fatigue, a low-grade fever, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Lung auscultation may reveal rales. With chronic bronchitis, symptoms may also include swelling of the feet and ankles, blue-tinged lips, and frequent respiratory infections.

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