Classification: ICD-9 480.8; ICD-10 B33.4
Syndromes and synonyms: Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome, Four Corners disease.
Agents: Hantaviruses, a large group of different, enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense viruses with a tripartite RNA genome, that belong to the Bunyaviridae family. Hantaviruses that cause HPS were discovered in 1993; more than 30 new hantaviruses have been detected since then, but not all cause HPS. There at least 14 hantaviruses that cause HPS in the Americas: Sin Nombre virus (SNV), Monongahela virus (MGLV), New York virus (NYV), Bayou virus (BAYV), Black Creek Canal virus (BCCV), Choclo virus, Andes virus (ANDV), Bermejo virus (BMJV), Lechiguanas virus (LECV), Maciel virus (MCLV), Oran virus (ORNV), Laguna Negra virus (LANV), Araraquara virus, Hu39694, and Juquitiba virus. Old World and New World hantaviruses share high similarity in their genome and have comparable lifecycles. Currently, there is no consensus on the classification of hantaviruses.
Reservoir: Each hantavirus has its specific rodent host. HPS is generally caused by the sigmodontine-borne hantaviruses. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that hantaviruses have a long co-evolutionary history with their host.
Transmission: By inhalation of aerosols from dried rodent excreta (this is unlike other Bunyaviruses that are generally arthropod-borne). Person-to-person transmission has been reported for ANDV.
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