Cardiovascular and Metabolic Syndrome Impact on Uristatin

Parameter

Control group

Affect group

P-value, affected vs. control^a,^f

All

Male

Female

All

Male

Female

All

Male

Female

–

n = 133

n = 54

n = 79

n = 55

n = 25

n = 30

–

(n, %)

–

Smokers,

34 (25.6 %)

22 (40.7 %)

12 (15.2 %)

35 (63.6 %)

17 (68.0 %)

18 (60.0 %)

<0.005

0.02

<0.005

Hypertensive^b

27 (20.3 %)

13 (24.1 %)

14 (17.7 %)

50 (90.9 %)

22 (88.0 %)

28 (93.3 %)

<0.005

Hyperlipidemic^c

55 (41.4 %)

21 (38.9 %)

34 (43.0 %)

45 (81.8 %)

19 (76.0 %)

26 (86.7 %)

<0.005

Diabetic

9 (6.8 %)

3 (5.6 %)

6 (7.6 %)

17 (30.9 %)

7 (28.0 %)

10 (33.3 %)

<0.005

0.01

<0.005

Obesity^d

30 (22.6 %)

11 (20.4 %)

19 (24.1 %)

30 (54.5 %)

11 (44.0 %)

19 (63.3 %)

<0.005

0.03

<0.005

CHF patients

3 (2.3 %)

2 (3.7 %)

1 (1.3 %)

3 (2.3 %)

2 (3.7 %)

1 (1.3 %)

<0.005

0.01

0.48

Have had AMI

1 (0.8 %)

0 (0.0 %)

1 (1.3 %)

6 (10.9 %)

4 (16.0 %)

2 (6.7 %)

<0.005

0.13

Anti-imflammatory medications^e

26 (19.5 %)

14 (25.9 %)

12 (15.2 %)

34 (61.8 %)

16 (64.0 %)

18 (60.0 %)

<0.005

Anti-hypertensive medications^{b, e}

20 (15.0 %)

10 (18.5 %)

10 (12.7 %)

37 (67.3 %)

13 (52.0 %)

24 (80.0 %)

<0.005

Lipid-reducing medications^{c, e}

10 (7.5 %)

5 (9.3 %)

5 (6.3 %)

26 (47.3 %)

9 (36.0 %)

17 (56.7 %)

<0.005

Anti-thrombotic medications

2 (1.5 %)

2 (3.7 %)

0 (0.0 %)

12 (21.8 %)

6 (24.0 %)

6 (20.0 %)

<0.005

0.01

<0.005

Uses nitroglycerine

10 (7.5 %)

6 (11.1 %)

4 (5.1 %)

23 (41.8 %)

10 (40.0 %)

13 (43.3 %)

<0.005

^aComparisons were made for control (unaffected) population and the affected group with risk of CVD or CAD The affected group had at least 50 % stenosis in at least one artery. The number of patients with the parameter and the % of population with the parameter are shown

^bA systolic BP > 140 mmHg, a diastolic BP > 90 mmHg, and/or the use of anti-hypertensives defines a hypertensive patient

^cPatients with a value >5 and/or using lipid reducers are defined as hyperlipidemic

^dObesity defined as a body mass index (BMI) > 30

^eAnti-inflammatories include aspirin (ASA) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs). Lipid-reducing medications are statins. Anti-hypertensives are ACE inhibitors and/or beta blockers

^fP-values are for difference between the proportion in the affected and in the control groups

Table 9.2

Cohort diagnostic risk factor characteristics

Parameter	Control group			Affect group			P-value, affected vs. control^a
Parameter	All	Male	Female	All	Male	Female	All	Male	Female
–	n = 133	n = 54	n = 79	n = 55	n = 25	n = 30	–	–	–
–	X (sd)	X (sd)	X (sd)	X (sd)	X (sd)	X (sd)	–	–	–
Age years	50.2 (8.9)	51.4 (9.4)	49.4 (8.4)	56.1 (9.2)	53.9 (9.1)	57.9 (9.0)	<0.005	0.02	<0.005
Weight lbs	171.4 (51.4)	187.9 (45.8)	160.1 (52.3)	193.2 (42.0)	211.0 (47.6)	178.4 (30.3)	0.01	0.04	0.03
Height in	66.7 (4.1)	69.6 (2.9)	64.7 (3.5)	65.7 (4.5)	69.3 (3.9)	62.7 (2.1)	0.15	0.70	<0.005
BMI^b	27.0 (7.2)	27.2 (5.8)	26.8 (8.1)	31.4 (5.7)	30.7 (5.9)	31.9 (5.6)	<0.005	0.01	<0.005
Systolic BP mmHg	131.1 (10.1)	131.0 (12.2)	131.2 (8.4)	151.1 (27.5)	152.1 (30.0)	150.2 (25.7)	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005
Diastolic BP mmHg	72.9 (9.4)	74.2 (10.7)	72.0 (8.3)	84.4 (14.9)	87.9 (14.1)	81.5 (15.1)	0.005	<0.005	<0.005
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	202.0 (45.2)	198.9 (45.5)	204.2 (45.2)	202.0 (45.2)	194.1 (44.1)	204.5 (54.8)	0.76	0.67	0.98
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	129.2 (58.8)	133.1 (75.7)	126.6 (44.1)	133.6 (56.1)	127.8 (62.9)	138.4 (50.4)	0.64	0.76	0.23
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	46.5 (16.6)	44.6 (14.5)	47.8 (17.8)	42.5 (13.3)	43.5 (15.9)	41.6 (10.9)	0.11	0.76	0.03
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	126.7 (45.5)	124.1 (56.2)	128.5 (36.7)	126.3 (41.8)	123.2 (39.9)	129.0 (43.9)	0.96	0.94	0.96
Lipid ratio^c	4.7 (1.6)	4.8 (1.7)	4.7 (1.5)	5.1 (1.8)	5.0 (2.0)	5.1 (1.6)	0.19	0.60	0.20
	(n, %)	(n, %)	n, (%)	(n, %)	(n, %)	(n, %)
Proteiunuria^d	13 (9.8 %)	8 (14.8 %)	5 (6.3 %)	14 (25.5 %)	10 (40.0 %)	4 (13.3 %)	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005

^aComparisons were made for control (unaffected) population and the affected group with risk of CVD or CAD The affected group had at least 50 % stenosis in at least one artery

^bBody Mass Index (BMI) is calculated 703 × weight (lb)/height (in)². A BMI >30 indicates overweight (obese patient)

^cThe lipid ratio is that of total to HDL cholesterol

^dUrine protein to creatinine ratio is estimated with a strip indicating “Normal” or “Dilute Normal” or numerical values. An elevated ratio is indicated by any numerical value

9.2.4 Statistics Methods

Comparisons (as P-values) between these two groups, again for each sex (and both together) are included. For the qualitative factors (e.g., smoking status) the number, percent and the Clopper-Pearson 95 % confidence interval for the percent are tabulated. The P-value is that for the difference in proportions between the control and affected groups calculated using the normal approximation to the binomial distribution with continuity correction. For the quantitative factors (e.g. age and diagnostic test), the mean and standard deviations (SDs) are tabulated. The P-values are for the difference between each group’s mean assuming a t distribution. Before calculating the t value, the two groups’ SDs are compared using the F distribution. If they were not statistically different, (two-sided, 95 % confidence), the SDs were pooled and the SD of the difference is estimated with the pooled SD. Otherwise, the SD of the difference is estimated from the two separate SDs and its number of degrees of freedom estimated using Satterthwaite’s approximation (rounded down). All P-values are two-sided. Differences between the control and affected groups are deemed statistically significant if the corresponding P-values are less than 0.05. For Bik and the cell counts, exact non-parametric P-values are calculated using the Wilcox on scores (equivalent to the Mann-Whitney U test). For the cell counts, the exact P-values are estimated using a Monte Carlo approximation with 10,000 samples and a random (system clock generated) seed. Again, all P-values are two-sided.

9.3 Results

9.3.1 Correlation to Risk Factors

In Tables 9.1 and 9.2, we compared the demographic and diagnostic risk factor for the controls to patients with stenosis. Patients with stenosis were more likely to be smokers, to be obese by weight or BMI, and to have high blood pressure, be older or diabetics. Of the diagnostic tests evaluated, proteinuria was the most significantly different between the control and affected groups. Proteins in urine are independent risk factor of CVD in essential hypertension (Pontremoli et al. 1997). Lipids were not significantly different as most of the affected population was on lipid-reducing medications. The usage of nitroglycerines, anti-hypertension, anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic medications were also significantly more used in the affected population.

Only gold members can continue reading. Log In or Register to continue